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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hemichordata
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possess pharyngeal gill bars and slits
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chordata
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notochord, hollow dorsal nerve tube, and pharyngeal gill slits
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urochordata
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tunicates or sea squirts. sea squirts filter feed
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cephalochordata
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lancelets
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craniata
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presence of neural crest tissue during ontogeny and brain in cranium
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myxiniformes
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hagfishes. hagfishes restricted to marine waters
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vertebrata
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craniates with two or more semicircular canals, mineralized vertebrae, muscularized unpaired fins, and extrinsic eye msucle
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petromyzontiformes
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lampreys. characterized by the presence of oral hood. rasping "tongue" macerates victim's flesh. juvenile lampreys filter feed
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gnathostomata
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jawed vertebrata. also characterized by presence of three semicircular canals, including a horizontal canal, paired narial openings, and myelinated nerves
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chondrichthyes
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cartilaginous fishes. this group includes sharks, skates, and rays (elasmobranchs), and chimaeras (holocephalans).
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osteichthyes
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includes all bony fishes and tetrapods. characterized primitively by presence of endochonral bone, lungs, and an interhyal bone. within this group, there are two major lineages, lobe-fins and ray-fins.
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sarcopterygii
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lobe-fins. includes coelacanths, lungfishes, and tetrapods.
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tetrapoda
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vertebrates with wrist and ankle bones and dactyly. all lissamphibians and amniotes are included
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lissamphibia
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frogs (anura), salamanders (caudata), and caecilians (gymnophiona). presence of pedicellate teeth. not completely free from water, most must lay eggs in water. none survive in salt water
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amniota
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presence of extra-embryonic membranes called amnion and allantois. "Fish" and lissamphibians lack the amnion and allantois, and are "an-amniotes", whereas reptiles and mammals are amniotes.
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reptilia
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possess color vision, second intercentrum is fused to first centrum in adults
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testudines and sauria
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development of cleidoic (terrestrial) egg is presumed to completely freed early reptiles from returning to water to complete early stage of life. testudines aka turtles have a bony shell. loss of teeth corroborates the shell synapomorphy.
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mammalia
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possess hair and milk glands. mammalia is the sister-group to reptilia.
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actinopterygii
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ray finned fishes. actinopterygii is characterized by presence of a single dorsal fin, primitively, and a specialized structure of the pectoral girdle.
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saggital
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refers to any vertical section along the long axis of the organism
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frontal
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refers to any horizontal section along the long axis of organism
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anterior (aka cranial aka superior)
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refers to direction, part, or surface towards the head end of the organism, or the direction in which it faces.
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posterior (aka caudal aka inferior)
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refers to direction, part, or surface towards tail end of the organism
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dorsal
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refers to direction, part, surface towards upper aspect or back of organism
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ventral
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refers to direction, part, or surface towards the lower aspect or belly of organism
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medial
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refers to direction, part, or surface towards the mid-line of the organism
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lateral
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refers to direction, part, or surface towards side of organism
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proximal
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refers to direction, part, or surface closest to some reference point
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distal
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refers to direction, part, or surface far from some reference point
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superficial
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refers to direction, part, or surface located near or on the exterior of the organism
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deep
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refers to direction, part, or surface located within the organism
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adduction (aka flexion)
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movement towards the body
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abduction (aka extension)
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movement away from body
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