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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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compound that has only carbon and hydrogen
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hydrocarbons
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alkane
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a saturated hydrocarbon arranged in a chain
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saturated
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contains only carbon-carbon single bonds
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aliphatic hydrocarbon
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another name for alkanes, means ‘oil’ or ‘fat’ like.
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constitutional isomer
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compounds with the same molecular formula but a different connectivity
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the suffix that identifies alkanes
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-ane
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what is a substituent?
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groups bonded to a parent chain, the longest chain in the compound
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what is an alkyl group?
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a substituent group derived from an alkane by removal of a hydrogen atom.
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what is the common symbol for an alkyl group?
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r-
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how do you identify the parent chain?
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it is the longest chain of carbon atoms. this longest chain gets one of the numbered prefixes – meth-, eth-, prop-, etc.
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name the first four alkyl groups.
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methyl
ethyl propyl butyl |
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when numbering substituents, what rule would you follow to start numbering?
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always start from the end of the chain that gives the substituent the lowest number.
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how do your list substituents if there is more than one in the compound?
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alphabetically, but you ignore di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, …prefixes or the hyphenated prefixes such as sec-, tert-.
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what is a hydrocarbon that joins to form a ring called.
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cyclic hydrocarbon
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what is an alkane called that joins to form a ring called.
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cycloalkane
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what are different three-dimensional shapes called?
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conformations
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for alkanes, what is the number of possible conformations?
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infinite. this is because alkanes are free to rotate around any of its single bonds.
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what’s the general shape of a cyclopentane?
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envelope
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what’s the general shape of a cyclohexane?
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chair
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how many axial carbons are in cyclohexane?
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6
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how many equatorial carbons are in a cyclohexane?
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6
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what is it called when isomers have the same connectivity of their atoms but have a different arrangement of atoms in space?
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a stereoisomer
cis-trans isomer is one form of an stereoisomer. |
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when alphabetizing the substituents in naming an alkane, do you alphabetize cis- and trans-?
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no
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what does cis- mean?
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cis means the same. the substituent is on the same side of a planar representation of a cyclohexane.
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what does trans- mean?
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trans means the across. the substituent is on the different sides of a planar representation of a cyclohexane.
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what is a stereocenter?
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a tetrahedral atom, most commonly a carbon, at which exchange of two groups produces a stereoisomer.
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what is the melting and boiling point properties of alkanes.
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they all have very low melting and boiling points.
both increase as the molecular weight increases. |
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what is the usual state of alkanes with 1 to 4 carbons at room temperature?
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gases
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what is the usual state of alkanes with 5 to 17 carbons at room temperature?
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liquids
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what is the usual state of alkanes with >18 4 carbons at room temperature?
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solid, like waxes and lubricants
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what is the general trend of boiling point of branched chained isomers to the base isomer?
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boiling point is lower because the branched chained isomer has a smaller area, therefore, smaller london forces.
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are alkanes are polar or non-polar?
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polar
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are alkanes soluble in water?
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no
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compared to water, what is the density of liquid and solid alkanes.
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they are both lower than water, meaning they will float on water.
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what are the two main reactions of alkanes?
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combustion, with o2
halogenation |
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is the alkane combustion reaction exo- or endothermic?
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exothermic
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what is required to carry out halogenation?
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heat or light
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what are the iupac prefixes for halogens?
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chloro-
bromo- fluoro- iodo- |
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how is the halogen part of the alkane’s name written?
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they are written as substituents and alphabetized like other substituents.
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