Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is a chiral object?
|
An object that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image
|
|
|
What is an enantiomer?
|
A chiral image and its non-super-imposable mirror image. They are two different molecules, just as your left and right hand are different.
|
|
|
To have enantiomers, a molecular structure must be ____.
|
Asymmetrical
|
|
|
What is a racemic mixture?
|
a mixture of equal amount of enantiomers
|
|
|
The mirror image of a human hand is an example of ____.
|
Chirality; The hands cannot be laid on top of eachother and have all aspects be exactly the same; Fitting the right hand into a left handed glove
|
|
|
The mirror image of a beer bottle is an example of ____.
|
Achirality; The bottle in the mirror is an exact replica of the original bottle
|
|
|
While most of the time only one enantiomer is active, what happens to the other?
|
The other may do nothing (at best) or be harmful
|
|
|
What is a monosaccharide?
|
The most basic unit of carbohydrates; They are the simplest sugars
|
|
|
What is the most common simple sugar?
|
D-glucose; also known as dextrose; found in grape sugar, and blood sugar
|
|
|
What is a Disaccharide?
|
Two monosaccharides joined together with the elimination of water to give compounds the general formula, C12H22O11
|
|
|
What are the 3 most common Disaccharides?
|
1.Sucrose
2. Maltose 3. Lactose |
|
|
What is sucrose?
|
From sugarcane or sugar beets; table sugar
|
|
|
What is Maltose?
|
From starch; used as a sweetener in prepared foods
|
|
|
What is Lactose?
|
From milk; used in formulating drugs and infant foods, in baking, and in making yeast
|
|
|
What is a polysaccharide?
|
Chains of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides connected
|
|
|
What are the three most abundant polysaccharides?
|
1.Starches
2.Glycogen 3.Cellulose |
|
|
What is starch?
|
An energy reserve for plants
|
|
|
What is Glycogen?
|
An energy reserve for animals; stored in the liver and muscle tissues for "instant" energy until the process of fat metabolism can take over and serve as the energy source
|
|
|
What is the purest form of cellulose in nature?
|
Cotton
|
|
|
What is cellulose?
|
The woody part of trees, the supporting material in plants and leaves; humans do not have the enzymes to break down cellulose but
|
|
|
What are lipids?
|
Fats, oils, steroids, and waxes
|
|
|
What are triglycerides?
|
Fats and oils
|
|
|
What are the uses of fats and oils?
|
Fat are solid triglycerides and used for butter and lard; Oils are liquid triglycerides and are in olive, soybean, and corn oils
|
|
|
What are monounsaturated acids?
|
Fatty acids such as oleic acid, which contain only one double bond
|
|
|
An example of an unsaturated acid which the human body cannot produce?
|
Linoleic, an essential fatty acid which effects physiological activities such as blood pressure, relaxation, body temperature and many more
|
|
|
What are trans fats?
|
nonessential fats which do not promote good health
|
|
|
What are polyunsaturated fats?
|
Fats with a relatively low melting point
|
|
|
Where can polyunsaturated fats be found and what are the benefits?
|
grain products, fish/seafood, soy beans and fish oil; Lowers the risk of cardivascular disease, heart attacks and some cancers
|
|
|
Where are steroids found?
|
In all plants and animals
|
|
|
What is the most abundant steroid in animals?
|
Cholesterol
|
|
|
What is cholesterol used for?
|
to give milligram amounts of important hormones such as vitamin D, cortisone, and sex hormones
|
|
|
What is HDL?
|
High Density Lipoproteins; "good" cholesterol; Transport excess cholesterol from body tissues to the liver
|
|
|
What is LDL?
|
Low Density Lipoproteins; "Bad" Cholesterol; Distribute cholesterol to arteries where it can build up
|
|
|
What are waxes?
|
Esters formed from long-chain (16 or more carbon atoms) fatty acids and long-chain alcohols
|
|
|
What are waxes used for?
|
Help protect leaves, coat the feathers on birds and protect humans ears
|
|
|
What is the difference between soaps and detergents?
|
Soaps are made of natural byproducts while detergents are synthetic
|
|
|
What are anionic surfactant and what are they used for?
|
They have a negatively charged head and are used widely in shampoos and dish liquids
|
|
|
What are cationic surfactants and what are they used for?
|
They have a positively charged head and are used mainly in laundry products
|
|
|
What are non-ionic surfactants and what are they used for?
|
Have no electrical charge and are used in household cleaners and dishwashing liquids which wash hands
|
|
|
What is a moisturizer?
|
Any substance that holds moisture in the skin
|
|
|
What is an emollient?
|
Any substance that softens the skin by slowing the evaporation of water.
|
|
|
What are emulsions?
|
Two substances which would normally mix, such as oil and water, that are ade to mix by an emulsifying agent
|
|
|
What is an emulsifying agent?
|
A compound that has a part that is soluable in water and a part that is soluable in oil
|
|
|
What are the two kinds of emulsions?
|
oil-in-water emulsions= oil droplets dispersed in water
water-in-oil emulsions= water droplets dispersed in oil |
|
|
What are some uses of an oil-in-water emulsion?
|
homogenized milk
|
|
|
What are some examples of a water-in-oil emulsion?
|
Natural petroleum and butter
|
|
|
What does a water-in-oil emulsion do to the human hand?
|
Gives skin a greasy, water-repellent surface
|
|
|
What does an oil-in-water emulsion do to the human hand?
|
Can be easily washed off with tap water
|
|
|
What are amino acids?
|
The "building blocks" of all proteins
|
|
|
What are essential amino acids?
|
Those which must be ingested from food
|
|
|
What are the dietary sources for the essential amino acids?
|
Meat, milk, eggs, or cheese. The other amino acids are synthesized by the body
|
|
|
How many essential amino acids are there and what are the names?
|
There are 9 essential amino acids which are:
1. isoleucine, 2. leucine, 3. lysine, 4. methionine, 5. phenylalanine, 6. threonine, 7. tryptophan, 8. valine, 9. histidine. |
|
|
What are the uses of proteins?
|
*For growth and maintenance
*To build enzymes and hormones *To build antibodies *To maintain fluid balance *To maintain acid-alkali balance *To provide energy |
|
|
What is nutrition?
|
The science that deals with diet and health
|
|
|
What are the six classes of nutrients?
|
1. Carbohydrates
2. Fates 3. Proteins 4. vitamins 5.minerals 6.water |
|
|
What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and what functions does it cover?
|
The amount of energy needed just to stay alive such as breathing, keeping a heart beating, maintaining body temperature, and communications between the brain and the rest of the body
|
|
|
How many calories do we get from proteins?
|
4 kcal/g
|
|
|
How many calories do we get from carbohydrates?
|
4 kcal/g
|
|
|
How many calories do we get from lipids or fats?
|
9 kcal/g
|
|
|
What are the major kinds of digestible carbohydrates and examples of each?
|
*Simple sugars (glucose and fructose)
*Disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, and lactose) *Polysaccharides (amylose and amylopectin in starch from plants, and glycogen from meat) |
|
|
What are the indigestible carbohydrates?
|
*Cellulose and its derivatives
*Pectin (the substance that makes jam and jelly gel) *Plant gums |
|
|
What are dietary fibers and where do they come from?
|
The indigestible polysaccharides all come from plants
|
|
|
How does the human body use carbohydrates?
|
* It protects your muscles.
* It regulates the amount of sugar circulating in your body. * It provides nutrients for friendly bacteria in intestinal tract that helps in digestion. * It assist in body's absorption of calcium. * It helps in lowering cholesterol level and regulate blood pressure |
|
|
What is the dietary requirement for carbohydrates in a 2000 calorie diet?
|
Carbohydrates - 4 cal/g - 60% of total = 1200 cal (carbs) = 300g
|
|
|
What is the dietary requirement for lipids in a 2000 calorie diet?
|
Fat - 9 cal/g - 10% of total = 200 cal (fat) = 22g
|
|
|
What is the dietary requirement for proteins in a 2000 calorie diet?
|
Protein - 4 cal/g - 30% of total = 600 cal (protein) = 150g
|
|
|
What are lipids used for?
|
stored energy until it can be converted by the liver
|
|
|
What is plaque?
|
fatty deposits
|
|
|
What is atherosclerosis?
|
The buildup of plaque on the inner walls of arteries, reduces the flow of blood to the heart.
|
|
|
What is the function of dietary proteins?
|
To provide amino acids for new protein synthesis
|
|
|
Protein is a major dietary source of ____ for the synthesis of other kinds of ____-____ biomolecules.
|
Nitrogen; nitrogen-containing
|
|
|
What happens to excess amino acids?
|
*The nitrogen is converted to ammonia and excreted as urea
*The carbon atoms are cycled to glucose and energy generation or stored as fat |
|
|
Vitamin A is water/fat soluble.
|
Fat soluble
|
|
|
Vitamin D is water/fat soluble.
|
Fat soluble
|
|
|
Vitamin E is water/fat soluble vitamin.
|
Fat soluble
|
|
|
Vitamin K is water/fat soluble vitamin.
|
Fat soluble
|
|
|
The 8 B vitamins water/fat soluble.
|
Water soluble
|
|
|
The C vitamins are water/fat soluble.
|
Water soluble
|
|
|
What is Vitamin A responsible for and where does it come from?
|
Vitamin A or retinol is essential to vision because it is a component of pigments in the eye. We get Beta carotene from carrots which is converted to Vitamin A as it passes through the small intestine wall
|
|
|
What is vitamin D responsible for and where does it come from?
|
Vitamin D helps the body use calcium and is produced when UV light shines on the skin.
|
|
|
What is vitamin E responsible for and where does it come from?
|
Vitamin E is an antioxidant and is found distributed among fats throughout nature.
|
|
|
What is vitamin K responsible for and where does it come from?
|
Its major and essential role is in the regulation of blood clotting, which goes on to repair not only cut skin, but also small tears in blood vessels (on a daily basis). This is found in green leafy vegetables
|
|
|
What is vitamin C responsible for and where does it come from?
|
Vitamin C or ascorbic acid, helps destroy invading bacteria, aids in the synthesis and activity of interferon, which prevents the entry of viruses into cells, and combats the ill effects of toxic substances. It is found in many fruits and vegetables.
|
|
|
What are the macronutrient minerals?
|
1. Calcium
2. Phosphorous 3. Magnesium 4. Sodium 5. Potassium 6. Chlorine 7. Sulfur |
|
|
What is a preservative?
|
A chemical added to foods to prevent spoilage
|
|
|
What are antioxidants?
|
a chemical which inhibits oxidation
|
|
|
What are sequestrans?
|
a food additive whose role is to improve the quality and stability of the food products
|
|
|
What are flavorants?
|
Have little or no flavor of their own but enhance other flavors.
|
|
|
What are anticaking agents?
|
Used to keep foods such as salt from caking in humid weather.
|
|
|
What are stabilizers and thickeners?
|
Improve the texture and blends of foods
|
|
|
What is the difference between over-the-counter drugs and prescription drugs?
|
Over-the-counter drugs can be bought at any super market or drug store while prescription drugs cannot be purchased without instructions from a physician.
|
|
|
What is the difference between the trade name and the generic name of a certain drug?
|
The trade name is the name given by manufacturers while the generic name is the commonly accepted chemical name.
|
|
|
What is chemotherapy?
|
The treatment of disease with chemical agents.
|
|
|
What is an antibiotic?
|
A substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits the grown of other microorganisms. Specifically bacteria
|
|
|
What is the difference between antimicrobials and antibiotics?
|
Antimicrobials are drugs that either kill or suppress microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites. Antibiotics are the sub-group of antimicrobial drugs that act against bacteria
|
|
|
What causes infectious diseases?
|
Microorganisms which invade viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other parasites.
|
|
|
Haemophilus influenza is an example of what?
|
A bacterium; It causes pneumonia, bronchitis, and a wide range of other health problems
|
|
|
Rubella is an example of what?
|
A virus; It is the virus that causes German measles
|
|
|
How does penicillin work?
|
All penicillins kill growing bacteria by preventing normal development in their cell walls.
|
|
|
How do cephalosporins work?
|
The cephalosporins have become the most widely used antibiotic in hospitals due to their low toxicity and broad range of antibacterial activity.
|
|
|
How do the tetracyclines work?
|
They inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
|
|
|
How does erythromycin work?
|
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
|
|
|
How does rifampin (important in treating tuberculosis) work?
|
Inhibits RNA synthesis from DNA
|
|
|
Where are hormones produced and what are they responsible for?
|
Hormones are produced by glands and secreted directly into the blood. They serve as chemical messengers, regulating biological processes by interacting with receptors sometimes distant from where they are secreted.
|
|
|
What are neurotransmitters and what are they responsible for?
|
They are chemical messengers for the body which carry nerve impulses from one nerve to the next or to the location where a response to the message will occur.
|
|
|
What are Norepinephrine and and serotonin?
|
They are neurotransmitters with receptors throughout the brain. They seem to work together to control the sleeping and waking cycle
|
|
|
What does Norepinephrine do?
|
It helps control the fine coordination of body movement and balance, alertness, and emotion; and also affects mood, dreaming, and the sense of satisfaction.
|
|
|
What does serotonin do?
|
It is involved in temperature and blood regulation, pain perception, and mood.
|
|
|
What does dopamine do?
|
Dopamine is produced in several areas of the brain, where it helps to integrate fine muscular movement as well as to control memory and emotion.
|
|
|
What does epinephrine (adrenaline) do?
|
It is both a neurotransmitter in the brain and a hormone released from the adrenal gland. The sudden discharge produces the fight-or-flight response.
|
|
|
What is an analgesic?
|
A drug that relieves pain. They range from cocaine to morphine to aspirin.
|
|
|
What is an example of a mild pain reliever and what does it do?
|
*Aspirin is an antipyretic (fever reducer) and an anti-inflammatory agent
*Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is an effective analgesic and antipyretic but not an anti-inflammatory agent |
|
|
What is an example of a strong pain killer and what does it do?
|
*Morphine is a strong pain killer able to produce sedation and loss of consciousness.
*Codeine, a methyl ether of morphine, is used in cough syrup and for relief of moderate pain. Analgesic activity is only about 1/5 of that of morphine. |
|
|
Depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens are examples of ____.
|
Mood altering drugs
|
|
|
________ are available to anyone.
|
Over-the-counter (OTC) such as Antacids, aspirin, and cough medicines
|
|
|
_______ are available only by prescription.
|
Prescription such as antibiotics
|
|
|
_________ are available in beverages, food, or tobacco.
|
Unregulated nonmedical drugs such as ethanol, caffeine, and nicotine.
|
|
|
Schedule ___ are controlled substances which are abused with no medical use.
|
Schedule 1 such as Heroin, LSD, mescaline, marijuana
|
|
|
Schedule___are controlled substances which are abused but also have medical purposes.
|
Schedule 2 such as Morphine, amphetamines, cocaine, codeine
|
|
|
Schedule__are controlled substances which are prescription drugs that are often abused.
|
Schedule 3 such as Valium and phenobabital
|
|
|
What are antihistamines?
|
Medications that block histamine receptors.
|
|
|
What are decongestants?
|
Decongestants shrink nasal passages to relieve the stuffiness that goes with colds and allergies.
|
|
|
What are expectorants?
|
Expectorants are meant to stimulate secretions in the respiratory tract so that mucus is dislodged in coughing.
|
|
|
What is the first way in which carcinogens manifest themselves?
|
1. The rate of cell growth (that is, the rate of cellular multiplication) in cancerous tissue differs from that of normal tissue. Cancerous cells may divide more rapidly or more slowly than normal cells
|
|
|
What is the second way in which carcinogens manifest themselves?
|
2. Cancerous cells spread to other tissues; they know no bounds. Normal liver cells divide and remain a part of the liver. Cancerous lover cells may leave the liver and be found, for example in the lung.
|
|
|
What is the third way in which carcinogens manifest themselves?
|
3. Most cancer cells show partial or complete loss of specialized functions of the liver.
|
