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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chloroalkanes |
One or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane has been replaced by a Chlorine atom (trichloromethane) |
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Chloroalkanes properties |
Low boiling points Little polarity - insoluible in water Dissolve in Cyclohexane. |
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Functional Group |
An atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic properties of a series of organic compounds |
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Alcohols |
-OH (Hydroxyl group) -CnH(2n+1)OH -anol |
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Methyl |
CH3 |
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Ethyl |
C2H5 |
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Propyl |
C3H7 |
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Alcohols Boiling Point |
Higher than corresponding alkanes due to the hydrogen bonds between molecules. |
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Alcohols Solubility |
-OH group is polar making the alcohols with short carbon chains highly soluble in water. As the carbon chain gets longer the solubility decreases. Longer chains are soluble in cyclohexane. |
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Aldehydes |
RCHO (Carbonyl group) Function group - CHO Double bond to the oxygen atom. CnH(2n+1)CHO -anal |
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Aldehydes boiling point |
Higher than alkanes due to dipole-dipole forces between molecules. |
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Why is the carbonyl group polar? |
Electronegativity difference between Carbon and Oxygen |
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Aldehydes Solubility |
Lower member are soluble in water due to polar carbonyl group, higher members are not due to the longer carbon chain. They dissolve both polar and non polar substances. Soluble in organic solvents. |
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Keytones |
RCOR' Function group >C=O Double bond to oxygen -one
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Keytones Boiling Point |
Similar to aldehydes. Higher than alkanes due to dipole-dipole forces. |
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Keytone Solubility |
Lower members very soluble, higher ones not. |
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Carboxylic Acids |
RCOOH Functional group -COOH Double bond to one oxygen and single to the other. -oic acid. |
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Carboxylic acids boiling points |
Very high boiling points due to the presence of dimers. |
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Dimers |
Two molecules which are bond together by two hydrogen bonds. Happens in carboxylic acids. |
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Carboxylic acids solubility |
Lower members very soluble in water, higher members very soluble in organic solvents such as cyclohexane. |
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Esters |
RCOOR Functional group -COO- Double bond to one oxygen, single to the other.
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Ester formation |
Carboxylic acid + Alcohol (condensation reaction) |
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Solid ester |
Fat |
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Liquid ester |
Liquid |
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Ester boiling points |
Low boiling points due to the inability to form hydrogen bonds with each other. |
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Ester solubility |
Lower members fairly soluble due to the ability to form hydrogen bonds to an extent with water. Decreases with the length of the carbon chain. |
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Fats and oil formation |
Glycerol + long chain carboxylic acids. |
