Cog Psych Visual Perception

Front 1

meaning of bottom up processing

Back 1

processing that is directly influenced by environmental stimuli

Front 2

what is top down processing?

Back 2

stimulus processing that is influenced by factors such as the individual's past exp and expectations

Front 3

what is serial and parallel processing?

Back 3

serial processing: processing in which one process is completed before the next one starts

parallel processing: in which two or more cognitive processes occur at the same time

Front 4

what is the Stroop task?

Back 4

it involves inhibitory processes, like showing a word like red and trying to get participants to read the colour and not the word

Front 5

what is anti saccade task?

Back 5

a visual cue will be presented on the left or the right of the participant, and the aim is to avoid looking at the cue and to look in the opposite direction.

Front 6

what is cognitive neuropsychology?

Back 6

an approach that involves studying cognitive function in brain damaged patients to increase our understanding of normal human cognition

Front 7

what is ecological validity?

Back 7

the extent to which experimental findings are applicable to everyday settings

Front 8

what is cascade processing?

Back 8

some cognitive processes overlapping at a time

Front 9

Perceptual processes are broken down in 2 stages what are they?

Back 9

Sensation is the process of transforming physical stimuli to electrical signals

Perception is the process of interpreting signals for conscious awareness and for action

Front 10

define perception

Back 10

A process of acquiring knowledge about environmental objects or events via the senses, interpretation of sensory information

Front 11

name the stages of perceptual process in both 2 stages

Back 11

stimulus energy (light sound etc, sensation process)

sensory receptors(eyes , ear etc, sensation process)

neural impulses ( perception process)

brain (visual , auditory , olfactory areas, perception process)

Front 12

what is a sulcus?

Back 12

a groove or furrow in the brain

Front 13

the cerebral cortex is divided into 4 main divisions or lobes what are they?

Back 13

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

Front 14

lens adjust in shape by a process called what?

Back 14

accomodation, it is to bring images into focus on the retina

Front 15

name the two types of visual receptor cells in the retina

Back 15

cones and rods

Front 16

how does accommodation occur?

Back 16

for a distant object the lenses are pulled thin, for a close object lenses are more convex

Front 17

what is a receptive field?

Back 17

the region of the retina within which light influences the activity of a particular neuron

Front 18

what is lateral inhibition?

Back 18

reduction of activity in one neuron caused by activity in a neighbouring neuron

Front 19

why is lateral inhibition useful?

Back 19

it increases the contrast at the edges of objects, making it easier to identify the dividing line between diff objects

Front 20

what are the 2 ways in which many cells respond to a spot of light( depending on which part of the cell was affected by the light)

Back 20

1) On response, increased rate of firing when light was on

2)off response, with the light causing a decreased rate of firing

Front 21

give the 4 stages of perception

Back 21

distal stimuli

proximal stimuli

sensation:conversion of neural signals which are sent to the brain

perception:signal processing and interpretation

Front 22

what is perception for?

Back 22

for evolutionary utility , perception evolved to aid survival n reproduction. All senses help seek desirable objects n situations, n avoid dangerous ones

Front 23

what is somatosensory, olfactory and gustatory perception?

Back 23

touch, smell and taste

Front 24

what is proprioception, nociception and themoception?

Back 24

sense of: body position n movement

pain

temp

Front 25

in perception, there are 2 sources of information available what are they?

Back 25

the current sensory input and the existing knowledge about the environment . because perception can happen from top down or bottom up

Front 26

what is top down and bottom up perception?

Back 26

top down: use knowledge about the structure of the world to influence perception(aka conceptually driven process)

bottom up: taking information from the senses and make judgements about the nature of the world(aka data driven processes)

Front 27

what is Helmholtz's constructivist theory of perception?

Back 27

he argued that inadequate information provided by the senses is augmented by unconscious inference

Front 28

what are the assumptions from the constructivist approach?

Back 28

perception is an active and constructive process

it is an end product of the presented stimulus and internal factors(ex. hypotheses , expectations)

prone to error

Front 29

what was james Gibson's argument on the constructivist approach?

Back 29

we may underestimate the richness of sensory evidence we receive

variety of cues in natural world and perceiver interacts with environment and pick up info

Front 30

what theories emphasize top down and bottom up respectively?

Back 30

constructivist theories(Helmholz)

Gibson's direct theory of perception

Front 31

what is the modern ' information processing approach'?

Back 31

it focuses on computational steps required to acquire,select , recall and process sensory info

Front 32

how does the human eye see?

Back 32

convex cornea n lens project image onto retina

photoreceptors transduce light into electrical potential

signals flow thru a network of neurons to retinal ganglion cells and out the back of eye via optic nerve

Front 33

diff between rods and cones?

Back 33

rods: in peripheral retina, capable of operating in low light lvls ,coarse details

cones: conc. in fovea require higher light lvls (daylight , 100s of photons to respond), 3 diff photopigments SML, fine detail/colour

Front 34

what is blindsight?

Back 34

the ability to respond appropriately to visual stimuli in the absence of conscious vision in patients with damage to the primary visual cortex.

Front 35

what is unconscious perception and sublimial perception?

Back 35

perceptual processes occurring below the level of conscious awareness.

processing that occurs in absence of consciousness.

Front 36

define sensation

Back 36

process of transforming physical stimuli to electrical signals

Front 37

what is the visual pathway that visual information is transmitted from retina to the brain?

Back 37

retina-> optic nerve -> optic chiasm -> LGN -> Primary visual cortex(V1)