China Final Exam Cards

Front 1

Why is Son Bon (Sun Yatsen) important to Chinese history? (x4 reasons)

Back 1

1. He was the founding figure of the anti-Manchu revolution and believed that the best way to overthrow the Manchus would be to ally with the secret societies in the South.
2. He founded a hundred member chapter of the Revive China Society and tried to shape a new government system.
3. He formed the Revolutionary Army.
4.He issued a provincial constitution

Front 2

Who is Aguda? (x3)

Back 2

1. The leader of the Jurchen who launched many successful campaigns against the Khitan.
2. Leader of the Jin people.
3. He adopted the dual administration system and kept many Chinese people in the positions that they held

Front 3

What is the Treaty of Shimonoseki and what were the terms? (x6)

Back 3

1. China would recognize the independence of Korea
2. China ceded Liaodong Peninsula
3. Gave Taiwan and the Pescedora Islands to Japan
4. Paid Japan 200 million Kuping
5. Permitted Japanese ships to operate on the Yangtze River
6. Opened more ports to foreign trade

Front 4

Who was Matteo Ricci? (x3)

Back 4

1. Jesuit who brought teachings of Christianity into China
2. Spent long years learning to speak, write and memorize Chinese
3. Brought many manuscripts to China

Front 5

What was the Mukden Incident?

Back 5

Japanese set bombs off in the Laoding Peninsula in order to extend power to Manchuria and set up Manchuguo

Front 6

Who was Emperor Kangxi? (x3)

Back 6

1. He built the Summer Palace and made sure that the Grand Canal banks were always repaired
2. Gave patronage to people so they could make the Kangxi dictionary and an extensive encyclopedia
3. Built many temples and granaries

Front 7

Why is Tianenman Square important? (x3)

Back 7

1. This was a response to the Treaty of Versailles where Japan gained pieces of China
2. Students marched in protest wanting to speak to the leaders, the leaders refused
3. On June 4th tanks were called in and many of the head protesters fled the country

Front 8

What is the KMT? (x5)

Back 8

1. Stands for Kuonmintang
2. Political party of the Republic of China
3. Founded by Sun Yat-sen
4. Defeated by the CCP during the Chinese Civil War
5. In 1925 Chiang Kai-shek assumed leadership

Front 9

What is the CCP? (x5)

Back 9

1. Stands for the Chinese Communist Party
2. Defeated the KMT in the Chinese Civil War
3. Based off of Marxist ideas
4. Promoted the lower class
5. From 1934-1976 Mao was the leader

Front 10

What was the Maccartney Mission? (x3)

Back 10

1. Qianlong received Lord Macartney who refused to kowtow which showed Qianlong he had "bad manners"
2. Qianlong refused the 600 gifts sent by King George saying that China didn't need them
3. Macartney was told to leave China

Front 11

Who was Nurhaci? (x4)

Back 11

1. Created a Manchu state
2. Separated the state into four units
3. Attacked Ming territory
4. Executed the intelligent Ming people who protested against him

Front 12

What were the Eight Banners? (x3)

Back 12

1. Eight banners for each group
2. Three upper banners responsible to the emperor
3. Five lower banners responsible to imperial princes

Front 13

Who was Empress Dowager Cixi? (x3)

Back 13

1. Started a coup again the emperor
2. Planned to phase in constitutional principles over a nine year period
3. Locked up Gangxu and executed many reformers

Front 14

Who was Lu Xun? (x4)

Back 14

1. Wrote "My Old Home"
2. One of the most important fiction writers in the twentieth century
3. Studied medicine, Western literature and philosophy
4. Taught at Beijing University

Front 15

What was the Taiping Rebellion? (x4)

Back 15

1. Spread over sixteen provinces and led to the destruction of six hundred cities and the death of twenty million people
2. Peasant uprising
3. Started as a conflict between the locals of south China and migrants
4. The Taiping wanted equality

Front 16

Who was Liu Shaoqi? (x4)

Back 16

1. Member of Communist Party in 1920s
2. Served as the president of the People's Republic of China
3. Died from mistreatment during Cultural Revolution
4. Believed in tightening the party structure and being more critical about who enters the party

Front 17

What is "The Water Margin"? (x4)

Back 17

1. Episodic novel about a bandit gang
2. Developed from oral tradition
3. Provides description of social customs
4. Attracted people to the reckless pursuit of honor and profit

Front 18

Who was Chinggis Khan? (x1)

Back 18

1. Led the Mongols into taking over north China in 1215

Front 19

Who was Emperor Yongle? (x3)

Back 19

1. Rebuilt the Grand Canal
2. Made a Yongle encyclopedia
3. Sent troops to Mongolia and Vietnam to increase the borders

Front 20

What was the Battle of Tumu? (x4)

Back 20

1. In 1449 the Oriat went into battle with the Ming imperial troops at Tumu
2. Ming forces went north to attack the Mongols but were defeated
3. Since Mongols blocked the water supply many died
4. Mongols exacted almost no concessions from them

Front 21

Who was Chang Kaishek (Jiang Jisehi)? (x4)

Back 21

1. Led the Nationalist Party after 1928
2. Head of the Huangpu Academy
3. Focused on building an army
4. In 1934 launched the New Life Movement

Front 22

What was the Great Leap Forward? (x6)

Back 22

1. Mao tried to make industrial output faster
2. People forged statistics
3. Farmers were taken away from crops
4. People with strong political ties but little expertise were made leaders
5. Successes are no longer used
6. Big disaster for agriculture

Front 23

Who was Peng Duhai? (x1)

Back 23

1. Tried to criticize the project but was put down

Front 24

Who was Deng Xiaoping (To Shohei)? (x6)

Back 24

1. Disgraced leader brought back by Zhou
2. Placed poverty high on agenda
3. In 1956 became a member of poltiburo and secretary of CCP
4. Formulated the Four Modernizations and Four Cardinal Principles
5. Policies led to an economic boom that tripled average incomes
6. Pushed for reform of education

Front 25

What was the May 4th Movement? (x3)

Back 25

1. Strikes pressured the government not to sign the Treaty of Versailles
2 Marked the upsurge of Chinese Nationalism
3. Part cultural revolution, part social movement

Front 26

What are some of the similarities of the Liao and Jin Dynasties? (x5)

Back 26

1. Began as nomadic, forest dwelling people
2. Developed writing systems after encountering the Chinese
3. Produced fewer records than Chinese
4. Had civil service examinations for both themselves and Chinese
5. Began as a shamanistic culture

Front 27

How did the Liao and Jin rule their empires? (x2)

Back 27

1. Had a congress where leaders were selected
2. Abuji began a dual administration system which was continued

Front 28

What was the Liao and Jin's relationship with Buddhism? (x2)

Back 28

1. Embraced Buddhism
2. Jin included Taoist and Confucinist thoughts

Front 29

What other cultural features did the Liao and Jin have in common? (x1)

Back 29

1. New arts flourished like dramas

Front 30

List the reasons for the Mongol success (x7)

Back 30

1. Each soldier had several horses and were more skilled in riding
2. Spare horses had dummies for a scare tactic
3. Lances were used at the front, bows behind them
4. New soldiers were recruited after each defeat
5. Made use of new technology they discovered
6. Build up a reputation to scare others
7. Had a reputation for senseless violence

Front 31

What were the reasons why Ming government stopped overseas voyages after the tremendous achievements by Zheng He? (x4)

Back 31

1. Excessive cost of the voyages
2. Dangerous events happened inland
3. Felt they were superior to others
4. Pirate ships rotted away

Front 32

Name some of the obstacles to Catholicism met by the Jesuits in China

Back 32

1. Had to use preexisting Chinese words with non-Christian associations or new words when translating
2. Jesuits demand Chinese give up their gods
3. Many Chinese saw "honor your mother and father" as ancestor worship
4. Jesuits condemn indigenous practices
5. Christians banned adultery and concubinage

Front 33

Enumerate several causes for the Opium War

Back 33

1. In 1759 Europeans could only trade in Guangzhou
2. High demand for silk, porcelain, tea
3. Europeans, thinking Chinese inferior, wanted to change the way trade was done
4. Europeans wanted to trade closer to the Yangtze River

Front 34

Enumerate several effects of the Opium War

Back 34

1. Chinese agreed to cede Hong Kong
2. Allowed intercourse between officials
3. Lin Zexu was exiled and dozens of Qing officers killed themselves
4. British took up posts outside Nanjing

Front 35

List reasons why China was slow to respond to the challenge from the West to modernize

Back 35

1. No Chinese mission abroad until 1877
2. Communication with foreign nations was called treasonous
3. China believed it was center of the world and Europe couldn't teach it anything
4. China remained very traditional
5. Large part of population didn't know about the West

Front 36

Why did the CCP go on the Long March? (x2)

Back 36

1. After Nationalist purges Communists retreated to the Hunan-Jiangxi border and set up the Jiangxi Soviet
2. After several years of battling Nationalist Army won and Chinese forced to move to a new base

Front 37

What were the results of the Long March? (x2)

Back 37

1. Communists made a base at Yan'an at Shaanxi
2. Brought a sense of unity even though people lived in caves and ate simple food

Front 38

How did the Chinese government in 1990 describe the US democracy to its people? (x5)

Back 38

1. The world is still characterized by exploitation, oppression and dictatorship
2. Capitalists still dominate easily
3. Elections are trials of capital and wealth
4. 50% of US market controlled by 3%
5. Democracy in the US is a sham

Front 39

What is the structure of the Chinese government? (x5)

Back 39

1. People's Republic Consultative Congress
2. National People's Congress
3. Central Committee (220 people)
4. Poltiburo (25 people)
5. Standing Committee (9 people)

Front 40

Name 3 domestic events or policies and 2 foreign related events that hampered China's economic development after 1949?

Back 40

1. CCP takes control of government
2. Great Leap Forward
3. Cultural Revolution

1. Wars with India
2. Korean War
3. Manchugo

Front 41

Why has the One Child Policy been such a debatable topic for China? (Paragraph)

Back 41

The One Child Policy means that there is more money going toward education meaning that there are more educated people in the world and this alone helps build good economic growth, also with less children the living standard is improving with more people graduating and being able to go to universities. Having more money means that a lot of money can go to other programs. However, there is also persecution of people if they have more than one child and forced abortion. The child is meant to follow Chinese custom and take care of their family. It is sometimes harder to find workers, schools are being closed and there is a problem with the female population going down. Also if more than one child is born the child is not counted as a citizen or even as being part of their family.

Front 42

What happened in 1905?

Back 42

Civil Service Examination was abolished and steps were taken to set up both a modern school system and a modern government bureaucracy. A modern police force was introduced. These were initially canceled in areas were anti-foreign violence occurred for five years

Front 43

What happened in 1909?

Back 43

Consultative provincial assemblies met in each province and sent representation to Beijing. Although only a tiny portion of the population had been allowed to vote in the elections, the impact of the assemblies was magnified by the excitement that the idea of participatory government generated.

Front 44

What happened in 1912?

Back 44

The last Qing emperor abdicated and in March Sun Zhongshan issued a provincial constitution. Local elite increasingly found themselves in opposition to the state. Merchants now frequently organized into chambers of commerce were more actively engaged in running the cities in which they lived. By the beginning of the century both rural and urban elites shared the revolutionaries zeal for modernization and reform even if for different reasons. The republican government never really got off the ground

Front 45

What happened in 1913? 1916?

Back 45

The Nationalist Party succeeded in winning more than half the seats and local elites had never approved of Yuan's concentration of power at the centre and six provinces promptly declared their independence . Yuan successfully used military force against them, establishing himself as a military dictator. Yuan died unexpectedly in June 1916

Front 46

What happened in 1905? (culturally/economically)

Back 46

As late as 1875 almost all cotton yarn used in China was hand-spun there, but by 1905 only half. Machine-spinning, while is certainly more efficient than hand-spinning helped the Chinese economy in the long run but until the machine spinning was done in China (1925) and until those who had depended on hand-spinning for extra income found other employment, tens of thousands of village families suffered financially from its introduction

Front 47

What happened June 1900? August?

Back 47

Small groups of Boxers began to appear in Beijing and Tianjin in June 1900 harassing and sometimes killing both foreigners and converts. Western powers protested and prepared for war. The common people suffered greatly. In August 20,000 troops drawn from over a dozen nations marched from Tianjin to Beijing where they lifted the siege and looted the city.