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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the reasons Mao wanted to improve agriculture and industry? |
1) The economy was largely dependent on agriculture 2) Mao was sick of being pushed around 3) Wanted to be a modern super power 4) More food was needed for the growing urban population 5) Ideology - modern industry needed for a truly socialist nation and collectivization reinforced sharing to bring true communism |
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What did Mao say to China in 1949?
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China would no longer be considered the sick man of Asia
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What did Mao believe would catapult a socialist transformation? |
The peasantry; by using them as 'vanguards of the revolution' because they were the most responsive to communist party leadership |
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In 1950, what major agricultural policy did Mao launch?
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The Agrarian reform law in June causing land reform to be introduced
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What did the Agrarian reform law introduce?
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The law's idea was to destroy the 'gentry-landlord' class who were the traditional rural elite They had -in theory- exploited the poor peasantry who rented their land Many were sentenced to death and their land was redistributed 'to the tiller' |
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What were some of the problems with Mao's planned agricultural reformation? |
1) In the north communism had control before 1949 and land reform had already started however only 10-15% of farmers rented their land - exploitation wasn't really an issue 2) In some areas -already occupied by communists - many peasants already owned land. These peasants often had more influence over poorer peasants in the village and Mao didn't want to alienate them 3) In the South where the GMD had kept control, land reform hadn't started yet and landlords were more influential 4)Often landownership and agriculture production was organized by clans with a wide range of members from different classes. 'class conflict' and 'feudal exploitation' meant very little to them 5)Large numbers of clans were based on familiar kinship so many peasants didn't think their land should be seized, let alone sentenced to death |
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What group of people were hastily trained and sent to the country side to organize land reforms? |
Work teams (sometimes including party cadres and government officials) (many of which were experiencing rural life for the first time and had no idea of conditions or circumstances |
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Why were peasants organized into Poor Peasant Association? |
To help determine class differences
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What were the peasants encouraged to do?
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Round up the land lords
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What happened to the land lords when they were rounded up? |
They were subjected to struggle sessions in front of the village being told to admit their crimes as 'class enemies', often they were sentenced to death |
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What was Mao unsure about when executing the land lords?
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He was unsure about the amount of violence needed, he sometimes encouraged adherence to the social unity advocated by the common programme
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What did some opportunistic peasants do during the land reforms?
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Some peasants escalated it by seeing opportunities to settle family feuds or simply exploiting he chance of seize land of more well of neighbors |
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What were land lords used for?
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Used to spread class consciousness and conflict which were needed for the continuing revolution (They were easy targets) |
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What became the enemy during the class conflict in comparison to before? |
Before it would be separate villages with different dialects but now it was different classes within their village |
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By summer 1952, which movement had mostly completed
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The 'land to the tiller' movement
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Which team helped to deal exact land?
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Work teams
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Impact of land reform?
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About 88% of households had taken part 43% of the land was distributed to 60% of the population 1950-52 total agriculture production increased at a rate of 15% per annum Gentry-landlord destroyed as a class Rural population boomed HOWEVER - Human cost was horrific, about 1-2 million land lords executed |
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How did the peasants view the land reform policy |
For the peasants it represented the long held dream of holding land, free of exploitation and a chance for a better life with greater security from famine or drought (which terrified them) Support did not necessarily represent communist ideological commitment |
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How did the CCP view the land reform policy
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Only used as a step in creating a socialist society (a modern and industrialized society) Mao- 'the peasants want freedom, but we want socialism' |
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What are MATs?
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Mutual Aid Teams
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Why were MATs used?
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Changing the redistribution of land had not created the required increase in production Richer peasants still had more capital than poorer peasants Reform was required before socialist transformation could be completed |
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What happened in December 1951?
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The CCP decided to introduce co-operative ownership of land, yet they were mindful of the rapid collectivization undertaken in the USSR |
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Were MATs already introduced in some areas before 1949?
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Yes, in some communist controlled areas, these were introduced across the country
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What were MATs made of ?
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MATs were small scale with about 10 or fewer households (often extended families) |
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What did peasants do in these MATs?
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In teams, peasants pooled together resources, tools, labour, knowledge and animals |
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When did the MATs start?
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Around harvest time however this was later extended all year round |
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Did richer peasants join the MATs ? |
They were excluded from joining
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What was the reception of MATs ?
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They were enthusiastically accepted It mirrored already common practices in villages By 1952, an estimated 40% of all peasant households belonged to the MATs |
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What are APCs?
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Voluntary Agricultural Producers Co-operatives
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Why were Communist leaders set up APCs?
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Because they were worried that MATs encouraged capitalist ideas |
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When were APCs set up?
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1953
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What happened to the peasants land in APCs?
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The land was now shared
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What happened in APCs?
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The land was organized into a single unit and peasants were compensated using a point system according to the value of their land, labour and tools they had contributed Once the harvest was collected, government took some and the peasants were given either money or grain (Land was still privately owned though) |
