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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Background |
Fertile land, lack of natural barriers, natural resources. Dynastic rule, mandate of heaven (can be revoked through an abuse of power). Confucianism- honor, respect, FP, family, submission to the rule of authority, traditional. China, communist; Taiwan, democratic Opium Wars opened China to western influence Revolution of 1911- Chinese Nationals create a republic. Chiang Kai-Shek- Leader of the Nationalists (introduce liberalism to China through a Republic). Mao Zedong- leader of communists, fought Chiang Kai-Shek in civil war with the aim of establishing a Marxist-Lennonist regime. The long march to remote parts of China over 6000 miles to win over the peasants. |
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Mao Reforms |
- nationalize industries and collectivize farms (command economy) - Iron Rice Bowl (everyone ensured food, housing, a job, benefits, etc); socialism in which the people are completely dependent on the state from grade to grave). |
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Hundred Flowers Movement |
Mao period of openness during which he encouraged the people to contribute in public policy. lead to widespread criticism of the government. Respond by naming all critics enemies of the resolution and attacking them. |
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Great Leap Forward |
Goal to increase growth through a rapid increase in agricultural communism, Ended poorly with 30,000,000 people dying. Copied 5 year plans. |
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Cultural Revolution |
Mao movement to solidify communism and political control, political purge of all enemies of the revolution, focus on urban sectors. mass line= program that utilized propaganda to instill the aforementioned communist beliefs into the people (little red book). Not popular with the people. Mao dies and is replaced by Li ban, a member of the gang of four, which was lead by Mao's wife. GoF take control |
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Arrest of the GoF |
Arrested by Deng Xiaoping, moderates come to power. |
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Socialist market economy |
DXP plan by which some economic liberalization occurred while maintaining government directions of the economy and socialist policies
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Privatization if some major industries |
Reduction in some state owned enterprises (SOEs) from 80% to 17% of the economy. Some degree of state ownership (DXP). Encouragement of free enterprise. |
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Household Responsibility System |
Households lease land and, after dues to the government, could keep the excess farm products as profits |
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Village and Town Enterprises |
market enterprises that are publicly owned by the local government --> owned by government and sell shares to the people |
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Special Economic Zones |
Shanghai, HK --> Established to promote domestic trade by allowing market principles and international access. |
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Open Door Policy |
Open doors to international, foreign trade, WILLINGLY. SEZ part of ODP. |
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DXP democratic policies |
Allowed freer expression, but NOT DEMOCRACY or overly liberal political ideas --> Tienmen Square |
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Rule of the Technocrats (1992- Present) |
Chosen by skill set most needed at that moment, not ideology (they are all communist anyway) 1997 HK handover (1 China 2 Systems) Jaing Zemin - engineer Hu Jintao - R and D Xi Jinping - Economist/chemical engineering |
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Floating Population |
Migrants from rural areas who temporarily move to the cities to find employment. leads to overcrowding in cities, increased control of movement. |
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Fang-shou |
"let go/tighten up" four modernizations (agriculture, industry, science, national defense) lead to loosening and the democracy walls --> criticism lead to tightening up, delegalization of protests |
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Constitution |
1982, no one official ideology: marxist-leninism, Maoism, and Socialism. DXP Theory - Doesn't matter what color the cat is if it catches mice (socialist or capitalist doesn't matter- just which is best.) 1 party system, centralized authority, dominates all aspects of the government. Parallel hierarchies- government and CCP.
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Democracy |
Take it to mean voting rights within the government, not for the general populous. Voters can only vote in local matters. Legitimacy via people voting for reps on the local level (villages) and CCP members voting with themselves for policy and leaders |
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National Party Congress |
2000 members, chooses party elites, meets every 5 years, "rubber stamp (approve everything" agenda |
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Central committee |
200-300 members, CCP elites, choose policy makers, meet annually, main administrative body |
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Politburo |
24 +1 members (+1 general secretary to break a tie), important policy makers, supervise state council, CCP's "cabinet" (Chinese entity of democratic centralism) |
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General secretary and standing committee |
7 members important policy makers, meet weekly, elites from politburo GS- head of the politburo, commander and chief, first among equals, |
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Executive |
President (Ceremonial, HoS), Prime Minister (premier, HoG, runs bureaucracy, member of the standing committee), State council (30 members, department heads, important policy makers, enforce/ enact policy, bureaucratic rule making). |
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National People's Congress, |
3000 members elected by local and regional assemblies to 5 year terms, chooses state council and judiciary, meets every year, rubber stamp, 3/4 are party members
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Judiciary |
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Cadres |
40,000,000 bureaucrats paid by the government who administer policy and take a highly selective civil service exams. Likely to rise through the ranks. |
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3rd Generation Leader |
from 1992-2003 leaders (Jiang Zemin) who received education in the Soviet Union and joined the Communist Party, during the times of economic development in China. |
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4th Generation Leader |
from 2003 to 2010, Hu Jintao is the core figure or General Secretary. Represents the "republican generation" with a technocratic style and a less centralized political structure. |
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Autonomous Regions |
Areas that have limited self-government within a sovereign country; used especially of areas in China where ethneic minorities have been granted some autonomy. Politically, however, china still asserts control. |
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Campaign |
in china, policies in which the party seeks to reach its goals by mobilizing people Mao initiated an Anti-rightist campaign in 1956. |
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Capitalist Roader |
Derogatory term used to label moderate CCP leaders during the Cultural Revolution. |
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Central Advisory Committee |
was a body of the Communist Party of China that existed during the era of the paramount leadership of Deng Xiaoping. The body was supposed to provide "political assistance and consultation" to the Party's Central Committee; however, as the CAC was a select group of senior Party members, it was often seen as having more authority unofficially than that body. |
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Central Military Committee |
the national defense organization of the PRC; commands and controls the PLA. represents the military in China's government; head plays an important role in policymaking |
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Centrally Planned Economy |
An economic system in which the state directs the economy through a series of bureaucratic plans for the production and distribution of goods and services. The government, rather than the market, is the major influence on the economy. Also called a command economy. |
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Chen Duxiu |
founder of the Chinese Communist Party |
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Chaing Kai-Shek |
Leader of Nationalist Party in China, fought communists in civil war and lost, banished to Taiwan |
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CCP |
the only legal party in China, which has run the country since 1948; political values of collectivism, egalitarianism, self-reliance, and struggle; the only party allowed to nominate candidates in elections |
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Collectivism |
in China under Mao in the 1950s, by which agricultural land was removed from private ownership and organized into large state and collective farms. |
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Confucianism |
chinese philosophical and religious tradition stressing, among other things, order,hierarchy, submission to authority. |
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Cult of Personality |
in communist and other systems, the excessive adulation of a single leader |
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danwei |
Control maintained through this system, all Chinese citizens have a lifetime affiliation with a specific industrial, agricultural, or bureaucratic nit that dictated all aspects of their lives, including housing, health care, and other social benefits. |
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Democratic Centralism |
a form of democracy in which the interests of the masses were discovered through discussion within the Communist party, and then decisions were made under central leadership to serve those interests |
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Democratic Movement |
a series of loosely organized political movements in the People's Republic of China against the continued one-party rule by the Communist Party. One such movement began during the Beijing Spring in 1978 and was taken up again in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. In the 1990s, Chinese democracy movements underwent a decline both within the PRC and overseas, and are fragmented and not considered by most analysts to be a serious threat to power of the government, at least at present. |
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Democracy Wall |
literally, a wall on which Chinese dissidents wrote "big-character posters" in the late 1970s |
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Deng Xiaoping Theory |
a practical mix of authoritarian political control and economic privatization; socialist planning and capitalist free market "... doesn't matter what color the car is" |
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Developmental State |
A nation-state in which the government carries out policies that effectively promote national economic growth |
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Dual Role |
The relationship between the Communist Party and the Chinese government; vertical supervision of the next higher level of government and horizontal supervision of the Communist Party at the same level |
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Dynastic Cycles |
The circle of change the chinese dynasties went through; establishing power, successful rule, decline, collapse, rise of a new dynasty |
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Egalitarianism |
the doctrine of the equality of mankind and the desirability of political and economic and social equality |
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Ethic of Struggle |
One of mao's principles in the cultural revolution, and a theme that carried throughout his reign; society is marked by continual class struggle, which is reflected in each individual's thought. It is struggle that moves toward the final goal of love and unity -- the classless society. |
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Extraterritoriality |
portions of China, Japan, and Korea where European law operated during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries |
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Factions/Factionalism |
Political groups that agree on objectives and policies; the origins of political parties; party strife and intrigue; infighting, dissension |
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Falun Gong |
a spiritual movement that began in China in the latter half of the 20th century and is based on Buddhist and Taoist teachings and practices suppressed by the government since the late 1990s |
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Four Devils |
Four evil or debilitating functions described in Buddhist scriptures as afflicting practitioners and obstructing their practice. |
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Four Modernizations |
were goals first set forth by Zhou Enlai in 1963, and enacted by Deng Xiaoping, starting in 1978, to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology in China. |
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Free Market Socialism |
consists of a mixture of state-owned enterprises with an open-market economy; a type of economic system where the means of production are either publicly owned or socially owned as cooperatives and operated in a market economy |
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Gang of Four |
Jiang Qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of Communist government in China from the pragmatists; arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 following Mao Zedong's death. |
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General Secretary |
Leader of the Communist Party, often becomes president. |
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guanxi |
a Chinese term meaning "connections" or "relationships" and describes personal ties between individuals based on such things as common birthplace or mutual acquaintances; important factor in China's political and economic life. |
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Great Leap Forward
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China's second five-year plan under the leadership of the impatient Mao, it aimed to speed up economic development to catch up with the US and USSR while simultaneously developing a completely socialitst society. This plan failed and more than 20 million people starved between 1958 and 1960. |
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Han Chinese |
The majority (92%) ethnic group in China |
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Hegemony |
the consistent dominance of one state or ideology over others |
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Hong Kong |
SEZ, handed over be Britain in 1996, major trade zone, one country two systems |
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Household Responsibility System |
Farming land is still owned by a village but is contracted out to farmers, who are then in charge of production and marketing. The farmers can then keep any profit after paying dues. |
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Hu Jintao |
leader of China before xijinping |
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HuKou |
A Chinese term that means "household residency permit" and refers to the system in which all citizens of the People's Republic of China must have an official card that allows them to live, work, and receive benefits only in a specific location. The hukou system was used as a means of social control, political surveillance, and internal migration restrictions. The hukou system has not been vigorously enforced since China has moved toward a market economy and the need for labor mobility. |
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Hu Yaobang |
Chinese leader with Deng, supported the reforms, when he died in 1989 students wanted him to be commemorated, day before his funeral students march on tianamen square |
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Jaing Zemin |
Successor of Deng from 1997 to 2002; continued economic reforms and liberalization, reduced fractions in government |
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Li Peng |
Former premier and chair of the National People's Congress; the most visible representative of China's government who backed the use of force to quell the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 |
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Lin Bao |
Minister of Defense. In 1964, published "Little Red Book," with quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong. Appointed as Mao's successor, but died in a plane crash in 1971 (scholars unsure if it was an accident or planned). Him and Mao had grown apart, thus he was accused of betraying Mao, and some claimed he had planned a coup d'etat. |
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Liu Shaoqi |
moderate CCP politician and designated successor to Mao Zedong; died during the Cultural Revolution |
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Long March |
mao zedong and 100,000 of his followers marched away from the Guomundang (national party)...this was a great victory for communists in china, who were able to garner peasant support |
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Mandate of heaven |
The right of a dynasty to rule by showing God's favor |
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Mao Zedong |
Junior founder of CCP, peasant roots, lead to victory, founded PRC, chairman from 1945 - 1976 |
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Maoism |
the theory and practice of Marxism-Leninism developed in China by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), which states that a continuous revolution is necessary if the leaders of a communist state are to keep in touch with the people. |
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Mass Line |
Mao movement to solidify communism and political control, political purge of all enemies of the revolution, focus on urban sectors. mass line= program that utilized propaganda to instill the aforementioned communist beliefs into the people (little red book). Not popular with the people. |
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Mass Mobilization |
an effort to turn sheer numbers of people into an asset, better motivation, harder work, less unemployment |
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May Fourth Movement |
was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing; Chinese protest movement triggered by opposition to the Treaty of Versailles; a major step on the path leading to the creation and victory of the CCP. |
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Middle Kingdom |
zhongguo, place that is center of civilization, foreigners seen as "barbarians", China is hugely ethnocentric, no one else has anything to offer |
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Nationalist Party |
Goumindang, The party of Chiang Kai-shek. They ruled China from 1928 until the victory of the Communists in 1949. This party led a revolution against the emperor 1911. They also tried to establish a democracy. When they were defeated by the communists they fled to Taiwan. They still rule Taiwan today. |
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"New Socialist Countryside" |
putting agriculture and rural initiatives more prominently on the agenda of China's modernization drive; wen jiabao's pledge to narrow the rich-poor gap and to channel more wealth to the villagers and rural migrant workers of china |
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Nomenklatura |
The process of selected lower level CCP members and grooming them for leadership positions within the party; the process of filing influential jobs in the state, society, or the economy with people approved and chosen by the communist party |
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NGOs |
Beijing allowed these to register in 1990s, China has thousands ranging from ping-pong clubs to environmentalist groups, key test is religion, Buddhism and Christianity are rebounding |
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One Child Policy |
With some exceptions (minorities, farmers, sparcely populated regions, if first child had a handicap) couples may only have one child. Implemented by DXP to alleviate poverty, enforced by Danwei (household registration unit) could levee fees or mandate forced abortions. Caused sex-selected abortions and infanticide, aging population, human rights violation. |
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"One Country, Two Systems" |
China's policy of blending capitalism and some Western freedoms with Chinese communism. SEZ, HK |
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parallel hierarchies |
Parallel hierarchies- government and CCP. |
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Patron-Client System |
a.k.a. guanxi; informal network of relationships within the Chinese government; underscores the importance of personal career ties among individuals as they rise in bureaucratic or political structures; based on ideological differences and similarities; has been the source of factions within the party |
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People's Court (procuratorate) |
China's nationwide court system that deals with both criminal and civil cases. All courts are supervised by the Supreme People's Court |
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PLA |
the unified military organization of all land, sea, and air forces of the People's Republic of China. |
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PRC |
Communist name of China |
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Plenums |
meetings of the Central Committee; take place annually for about a week; gatherings of the political elites; the members of the Politburo and Standing Committee are chosen during these meetings |
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political elites |
persons with a disproportionate share of political power |
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Predatory State |
The government takes necessities from the people in order to benefit few. The few rich members want to keep the government the same because that is how they make money. |
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"Private Business" |
urban co-ops, service organizations, and rural industries that largely operate as capitalist interprises |
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Red Guard |
students and others who supported Mao during the Cultural Revolution. |
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Reds vs. Experts |
Tensions between scientists and China's communist rulers existed from the earliest days of the People's Republic and reached their height during the Cultural Revolution |
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Rule of Law |
based on the belief that rulers should not have absolute power over their subjects and that their actions should be constrained by the same principles that control ordinary citizens; little place under Mao, but leaders in 1978 began to develop new legal ideas and institutions that included rule of law; law binds behavior and all are equally subject to them |
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Self-reliance |
people under Maoist rule were encouraged to rely on their own talents to contribute to their communities |
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Sino-Soviet Split |
the breaking of all relations between China and the Soviet Union, two of the largest communist nations |
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Socialist Market Economy |
market economy that combines substantial state ownership of large industries with private enterprise, where both forms of ownership operate in a free-pricing market environment |
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SEZ |
In 1979, the Chinese government set up these zones on the coast near Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Improved transportation, lower taxes, and other incentives attracted investments from foreign businesses. They helped stimulate innovation and helped China grow economically. |
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State Corporatism |
organizations and state's relationship, most organizations are created or approved by state, government officials as leaders, state only allows one organization for each activity, etc. |
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State Council |
30 members, department heads, important policy makers, enforce/ enact policy, bureaucratic rule making. |
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State-owned Enterprises |
can be either wholly or partially owned by a government and is typically earmarked to participate in commercial activities. |
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Sun Yat-sen |
Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. |
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Technocrats |
highly-educated bureaucrats who make decisions based on their perceptions of technical issues rather than political ones |
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Taiwan |
island off the east coast of China, home to nationalists, disputed territory. Some wish to reunite, some wish to leave PRC. |
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Tiananmen Square |
the symbolic heart of Chinese politics; famous site in Beijing of protest and a massacre in 1989. |
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Townships and Village Enterprises (TVEs) |
Make their own decisions and are responsible for the gains and losses. Market-oriented public enterprises under the purview of local governments based in townships and villages in the People's Republic of China. |
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"Two Chinas" |
People's Republic of China, Republic of China (Taiwan) |
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Warlord |
pre-revolutionary chinese leaders who controlled a region or other relatively small part of the country with soldiers. |
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Wen Jiabao |
Premier of China that pushed new, capitalist economic reform forward. |
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Youth League |
a youth movement of the People's Republic of China for youth between the ages of fourteen and twenty-eight, run by Communist Party of China. The league is organized on the party pattern. |
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Zhou Enlai |
First Premier of PRC |
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Zhao Ziyang |
Leader from provinces, close adviser to Deng Xiaoping. Reformer who advocated negotiating with students protesting in Tienanmen Square. Deng purged him from the party, sent to house arrest |
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Military |
Peoples Liberation Army Do have a role in policy making (has seats in CC, Politburo, NPC) |
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Societal Cleavages |
Ethnic- Han (east coast) vs. Tibet(Dali Lama, , uyghur, zhuang, hui. |
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Religious Cleavages |
Officially atheist, but buddhism, Islam, and christianity exist, secret religious services. |
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Gender |
Role of Women prominent under Mao and has decreased since |
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Urban vs. Rural |
Floating population, standard of living, urban just surpassed rural population. danwei = work units; supervised everything- travel, marriage, jobs, child bearing Household registration system: internal passport, keep you tied to the land to prevent them from going to cities. Floating pop= illegal migrants. |
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media- controlling the message |
State owned - censorship is the norm, heavily regulated. Transparency - lack of transparency - Though there is coverage of the government there isn't analysis or critique Internet - Over 400M users - The most regulated and censored internet in the world |
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Interest groups and civil society |
NGOs - Driven by desire to increase economic liberalization (how can be bold highways, industry, infrastructure) State Owned Enterprises - large businesses that are owned by the government that take on big-picture roles Mass Line - The government solution to engage and influence the mass. citizenry through propaganda |
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Environment |
Issues - air and water pollution - urban sprawl, huge growth, lack of regulations. Solutions/policies - tinkering with green tech - limiting cars on the road at once - shutdown/move factories |
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Corruption |
The role of guanzi - close personal connections more important to other loyalties Elites - thrive on illicit wealth that is acquired through guanxi Counter measures - death penalty, long sentences, allowing media to expose corruption, some ineffective initiatives |
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Judicial Reform |
Causes of Judicial Reform - International trade (giving moral OK to foreign companies), internal pressure. Reforms -Created new lower courts - Increased qualifications for being a Judge - reduce corruption with judges Punishment -harsh, can spend up to 3 years in jail, reeducation camps. |
