Child Psychopathology Ch. 1

Front 1

abnormal behavior

Back 1

Actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior.

Front 2

abnormality

Back 2

Deviation from the average or the usual.

Front 3

asylum

Back 3

Safe refuge; specifically, an insti-tution to house mentally disordered people.

Front 4

behavior therapy

Back 4

-principles of learning applied to clinical problems

-considers specific behaviors as legitimate targets for change

Front 5

behavioral model

Back 5

Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

Front 6

behaviorism

Back 6

Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

Front 7

castration anxiety

Back 7

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.

Front 8

catharsis

Back 8

Rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy.

Front 9

classical conditioning

Back 9

Fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not (a neutral stimulus). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response.

Front 10

clinical description

Back 10

Details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder.

Front 11

clinical psychologist

Back 11

-Ph.D.Psy.D in psychology
-conduct research into the causes and treatment of severe psychological disorders

-diagnose
-assess
-treat

Front 12

collective unconscious

Back 12

Accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and re-membered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung.

Front 13

competence

Back 13

The ability to adapt to one's environment.

-performance relative to their same-age peers

-individual course of development

Front 14

counseling psychologist

Back 14

-Ph.D.
-trained to study and treat adjustment and vocational issues in relatively healthy people.

Front 15

countertransference

Back 15

Psychoanalytic concept involving personal issues the therapist brings to professional relationships with clients.

Front 16

course

Back 16

Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time.

Front 17

defense mechanisms

Back 17

Common patterns of behavior, often adaptive coping styles when they occur in moderation, observed in response to particular situations. In psychoanalysis, these are thought to be unconscious processes originating in the ego.

Front 18

developmental pathway

Back 18

A concept to describe the sequence and timing of particular behaviors, and to highlight the known and suspected relationships of behaviors over time.

Front 19

developmental tasks

Back 19

Psychosocial tasks of childhood that reflect broad domains of competence and tell us how children typically progress within each of these domains as they grow.

Front 20

displacement

Back 20

Defense mechanism in which a person directs a problem impulse toward a safe substitute.

Front 21

dream analysis

Back 21

Psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.

Front 22

ego

Back 22

-realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives

Front 23

ego psychology

Back 23

Derived from psychoanalysis, this theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts.

Front 24

Electra complex

Back 24

In psychoanalysis, a young girl’s intrapsychic desire to replace her mother, possess her father, and acquire a penis. The resolution of this complex results in development of the superego.

Front 25

emotion contagion

Back 25

Situation in which an emotional reaction spreads from one individual to others nearby.

Front 26

empathy

Back 26

Condition of sharing and understanding the emotions of another person.

Front 27

equifinality

Back 27

The concept that similar outcomes may stem from different early experiences.

Front 28

etiology

Back 28

Cause or source of a disorder.

Front 29

exorcism

Back 29

Religious ritual that attributes, attributing disordered behavior to possession by demons and, seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from his or her body.

Front 30

externalizing problems

Back 30

Problem behaviors that begin during childhood and encompass more acting-out behaviors such as aggression and delinquent behavior.

Front 31

extinction

Back 31

Learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed. The procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing is also called extinction.

Front 32

fixation

Back 32

In psychoanalysis, stopping or concentrating at a psychosexual stage because of a lack of appropriate gratification at that stage.

Front 33

free association

Back 33

-explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious

-patient says whatever comes to mind without censoring

Front 34

hierarchy of needs

Back 34

Ranking of human necessities from basic food to self-actualization, proposed by Abraham Maslow.

Front 35

humoral theory

Back 35

Ancient belief that psychological disorders were caused by imbalances in bodily humors or fluids.

Front 36

humors

Back 36

Bodily fluids (blood, black and yellow bile, and phlegm) that early theorists believed controlled normal and abnormal functioning.

Front 37

id

Back 37

-basic drives

Front 38

incidence

Back 38

Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific time period (compare with prevalence).

Front 39

internalizing problems

Back 39

Problem behaviors that begin during childhood and include anxiety, depression, somatic complaints, and withdrawn behavior.

Front 40

madhouses

Back 40

Perjorative, negative term for asylums, the institutions of refuge for the mentally disordered.

Front 41

mass hysteria

Back 41

Phenomenon in which people in groups share the same fear, delusion, abnormal behavior, or even physical symptoms as a result of psychological processes and suggestion.

Front 42

multifinality

Back 42

The concept that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings.

Front 43

nosologies

Back 43

Efforts to classify psychiatric disorders into descriptive categories.

Front 44

object relations

Back 44

-modern psychodynamic theory

-study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

Front 45

Oedipus complex

Back 45

In psychoanalysis, the intrapsychic struggle within a young boy between his lust for his mother and his fear of castration because of it. The resolution of this complex results in development of the superego.

Front 46

person-centered therapy

Back 46

Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.

Front 47

physical disorders

Back 47

psychophysiological disorders Outdated term, similar to psychosomatic medicine, for the study of psychological and social factors influencing The term is misleading because it falsely implies that other psychological problems such as mood disorders do not also have significant biological components.

Front 48

presenting problem

Back 48

Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may sometimes be a modification derived from the presenting problem.

Front 49

protective factor

Back 49

A variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and decreases the chances that the outcome will occur.

Front 50

psychiatric social worker

Back 50

Person who has earned a master of social work (MSW) degree or, occasionally, a doctor of social work (DSW) and is trained to work with social agencies to help psychologically disordered clients and their families.

Front 51

psychiatrist

Back 51

Person who has earned an M.D. degree and then has specialized in psychiatry during residency training. Psychiatrists are trained to investigate primarily the biological nature and causes of psychiatric disorders, and to diagnose and treat them as well.

Front 52

psychoanalytic model

Back 52

Complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces.

Front 53

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Back 53

psychotherapy Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.

Front 54

psychological disorder

Back 54

A pattern of behavioral, cognitive, or physical symptoms that includes one or more of the following prominent features:

(a)distress
(b)behavioral disability
(c)increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.

Front 55

reinforcement

Back 55

In operant conditioning consequences, for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency. Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence; while negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. Unwanted behaviors may result from their reinforcement, or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors.

Front 56

resilience

Back 56

The ability to avoid negative outcomes despite being at risk for psychopathology.

Front 57

risk factor

Back 57

A variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and increases the chances that the outcome will occur.

Front 58

scientist-practitioner model

Back 58

Expectation that mental health professionals will apply scientific methods to their work. They must keep current in the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, they must evaluate their own methods for effectiveness, and they may generate their own research to discover new knowledge of disorders and their treatment.

Front 59

shaping

Back 59

In operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner.

Front 60

stigma

Back 60

A cluster of negative attitudes and beliefs that motivates fear, rejection, avoidance, and discrimination against people with mental illnesses.

Front 61

symptom substitution

Back 61

Psychodynamic assertion that if overt problem behavior (the “symptom”) is treated without eliminating the underlying conflict thought to be causing it, that conflict will reemerge in the form of new, perhaps worse, symptoms.

Front 62

systematic desensitization

Back 62

Behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.

Front 63

transference

Back 63

Psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.

Front 64

unconditional positive regard

Back 64

Acceptance by the counselor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.

Front 65

unconscious

Back 65

Part of the psychic make-up that is outside the awareness of the person.