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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adaptation?
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According to Piaget, adaptation involves adjusting to new environmental demands. Children actively construct their own cognitive worlds.
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What are Piaget's Processes of Development?
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S chemes
O rganization A ssimilation A ccomodation E quilibrium E quilibration |
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Schemes?
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schemes are actions or mental representations created by a baby's developing brain that organize knowledge
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Types of schemes?
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Behavioral Schemes - (physical activities) characterize infancy
Mental Schemes - (cognitive activities) develop in childhood |
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What does Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development consist of?
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Processes of Development
Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage |
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Assimilation?
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explains how children assimilate new information into existing schemes
(used to explain adaptation) |
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Accommodation?
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explains how children adjust or accommodate schemes to fit new information and experiences.
E.g., sucking scheme - newborn assimilates all sorts of objects to learn about taste, texture, shape --- later baby learns some objects should not be sucked, so baby then adjusts or accommodates the scheme |
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Organization?
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is the grouping of isolated behaviors and thoughts into a higher-order system.
the grouping or arranging of items into categories |
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Equilibration and Stages of Development?
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the mechanism by which children move from one stage of thought to the next.
assimilation and accommodation work in concert to produce this cognitive change. |
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Equilibrium/Disequilibrium
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disequilibrium describes the cognitive conflict that occurs in children as a stage shift occurs.
Eventually they resolve the cognitive conflict (disequilibrium) and reach balance (or equilibrium) of thought. |
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Piaget's FOUR stages of Cognitive Development?
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S ensorimotor
P reoperational C oncrete operational F ormal operational |
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Sensorimotor Stage
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0-2 years old
-when infants gain knowledge of the world through physical actions. There are 6 substages |
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Sensorimotor Substage 1
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1. Simple reflexes - first month after birth (automatic rooting and sucking - to - newborn initiating the rooting and sucking)
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The most important specialized part we have is a ?
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heel
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Fore-brain?
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responsible for conscious thought and emotions
-not very functional at birth |
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Hind brain?
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breathing
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RH Factor?
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red blood cells can be severely effected by RH factor. Male has RH factor, Female does not..
her immune system will form antibodies to destroy the infants blood 1 out of every 7 women born RH negative. -proteins in blood called antigens labeled A, B, and RH |
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Down Syndrome
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21st pair of chromosomes does not divide properly and you end up with 3 chromosomes
produces individual who has mental and physical disabilities and altered appearance mothers over 45 and white most at risk |
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Down Syndrome?
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21st pair of chromosomes does not divide properly and you end up with 3 chromosomes
produces individual who has mental and physical disabilities and altered appearance mothers over 45 and white most at risk |
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1st Substage
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0-1 yrs old
Simple Reflexes -Coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors, e.g, sucking, grasping |
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2nd Substage
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1-4 mo.
Primary Circular Reactions -Coordination of sensation and two types of schemes: habits (reflex) and circular reactions. (reproduction of an event that occurred by chance) |
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3rd Substage
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4-9 mo.
Secondary Circular Reactions -Infants become more object-oriented, moving beyond self-preoccupation; repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results. E.g., infant coos to make a person stay near; as the person starts to leave, the infant coos again. |
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4th Substage
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8-12 mo.
Coordination of secondary circular reactions -Coordination of vision and touch-hand eye coordination; coordination of schemes and intentionality E.g., Infant manipulates a stick in order to bring an attractive toy within reach |
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5th Substage
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12-18 mo.
Tertiary circular reactions, novelty and curiosity -Infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things they can make happen to objects; they experiment with new behavior E.g., A block can be made to fall, spin, hit another object, and slide across the ground |
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6th Substage
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18-24 mo.
Internalization of Schemes Infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols and form enduring mental representations E.g., An infant who has never thrown a temper tantrum before sees a playmate throw a tantrum, the infant retains a memory of the event, then throws one himself the next day |
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Object Permanence?
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Piagetian term for one of an infant's most important accomplishments:
understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched |
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By the end of stage 5 (Tertiary Circular 12-18mo) can perform what?
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multiple physical displacements
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Cognitive development during the first two years of life can be divided into _______ stages.
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6
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By the end of stage 3 (Secondary Circular 4-8mo) can perform what?
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partial visible displacement
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By the end of stage 4 (Coordination of Circular 8-12mo) can perform what?
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single visible displacements
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According to the LECTURE, the first signs of object permanence occur when an infant is about ________ old.
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4 months
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When an infant is a year old, the highest order imitation it can do is usually:
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immediate imitations of actions not in its repertoire
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The terms "overt trial and error" and ________ mean about the same thing.
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tertiary circular reactions
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Imitation of new actions and observational learning first occur when an infant is _________ months old.
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8-12
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My baby opens its mouth as wide as possible. I open my mouth real wide. Watching me, it opens its mouth as wide as possible again. It must be at least in stage:
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2
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T/F At the beginning of stage 3, a baby is likely to search for a toy if it saw it disappearing from sight. T/F
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True
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