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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Child Psychology
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A field of study that tries to understand the processes that govern the appearance and growth of children's biological structures, physiological traits, behavior, understanding, and ways of adapting to life
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Ages and Stages of Development
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-conception and prenatal
-infancy: the first two years -early childhood: 2-5 years -middle childhood: 6-12 years |
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Dimensions of Development
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-biological
-cognitive -social -emotional -behavioral |
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Development changes in type or kind
-affects overall structure or organization |
Qualitative Changes
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Growth-changes in size or quantity
-affects amount, frequency, or degree |
Quantitative changes
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Why do researches study child development?
To gain insight into: |
-human nature
-origins of adult behavior -origins of differences -origins, prevention, and treatment of developmental problems |
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Why do researchers study child development?
-Optimize conditions of development |
-effects of foods and chemicals on embryo development
-effects of parent-infant interaction immediately following birth -bottle feeding vs. breast feeding |
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Ancient Times and Middle Ages
-children viewed as innately __________________ -treated as ____________________ -age ______ is "age of reason" |
-evil
-miniature adult -age 7 |
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Enlightenment (17th Century)
Two theories by two men |
-John Locke
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau |
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John Locke's theory
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"tabula rasa" = blank slate; parents must train; children are shaped by experience
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Children are inherently good and moral
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What view of children do we find throughout history?
-Industrial Revolution |
-Nuclear family
-childhood is recognized as a time period of life |
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What views of children do we find throughout history?
- 20th century |
-laws to protect child rights in labor, education, and neglect
-juvenile courts |
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Pioneers in child development:
Charles Darwin |
-use of baby biography
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Pioneers in Child Development
G. Stanely Hall |
-child development as an academic discipline
-questionnaire methodology with children |
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Alfred Binet
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-First standardized intelligence test
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Nature vs. Nurture
John B. Watson |
behaviorism-learning
-nurture |
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Nature vs. Nurture
Arnold Gesell |
-biological maturation
-nature |
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Theories of development help us
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-describe
-explain -predict -influence events being studied |
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What are theories of child development?
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-related sets of statements about events
-include descriptive terms and concepts -based on certain assumptions -allow explanations and predictions -wide range of applicability -influence events |
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Psychosexual stages are in a __________________ sequence.
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-fixed
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At each stage of psychosexual development, ______________ centered in different parts of the body.
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-libido (pleasure)
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Each stage of psychosexual development must have a resolution of conflict or ______________ occurs.
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fixation
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Stages of Psychosexual Development
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1. oral (birth-1)
2. anal (1-3) 3. phallic (3-6) 4. latency (6-12) 5. genital (12+) |
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Oral Stage of Psychosexual Development is evidenced by
-it can lead to what fixations and why? |
-sucking and biting
-early weaning or breast feeding too long can lead to nail biting and smoking |
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Anal Stage of Psychosexual Development is evidenced by
-it can lead to what fixations and why? |
-control and elimination of waste
-excessively strict or permissive toilet training can lead to anal-retentiveness or anal expulsion |
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Phallic Stage of Psychosexual Development
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-parent/child conflict over masturbation
-view same sex parent as rival -stronger attachment to opposite sex parent |
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Latency Stage of Psychosexual Development
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-sexual feelings remain unconscious
-focus on school work |
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Genital Stage of Psychosexual Development
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-begins at adolescence
-desire sexual gratification through intercourse with member of other sex -interest in other sexual gratification indicates fixation at an earlier stage |
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Evaluation of Psychosexual Development
-contributions |
-comprehensive theory of childhood
-influenced parents, child care workers, and educators |
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Evaluation of Psychosexual Development
-criticisms |
-based on patients (women) who were emotionally troubled
-little empirical data -placed too much emphasis on instincts and unconscious motives |
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Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
-did what? -focused on what? -established what? |
-expanded freud's theory
-focused on social/cultural influences and purposeful acts as well as on self-identity and healthy development-- change though life span -established 8 crises- must find balance between two opposing conflicts at each stage |
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Stages of Psychosocial Development
-Trust versus Mistrust 0-1 |
-infant learns to trust caregivers and the environment
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Stages of Psychosocial Development
Autonomy versus shame and doubt |
task is to develop the desire to make choices and learn self-control
1-3 |
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Stages of Psychosocial Development
initiative vs. guilt |
child learns to become more proactive in making choices
3-6 |
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Stages of Psychosocial Development
Industry versus inferiority |
child must master the development of skill and become productive
6-12 |
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Stages of Psychosocial Development
Identity versus role diffusion |
-task is to associate one's skills and social roles with the development of career goals
(adolescence) |
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Stages of Psychosocial Development
Intimacy versus Isolation |
task to commit oneself to another
young adulthood |
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Stages of Psychosocial Development
Generativity versus Stagnation |
Task is to give back and provide guidance to younger generations
(middle adulthood) |
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Stages of Psychosocial Development
Ego Integrity versus Despair |
To achieve wisdom and dignity in the face of declining physical abilities
Late adulthood |
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Evaluation of Psychosocial Development
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-highly appealing
-emphasizes choice and minimizes urges -portrays people as prosocial and giving -unified view of life-span development -some empirical support -positive outcomes of early life crises helps path to positive development |
