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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who believed that children are prewired?
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Chomsky - as an innatist, he believed that children have the innate ability to acquire language.
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What is the Language Acquisition Device?
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Something that is switched on in a child's brain at birth that allows them to develop language (Chomsky).
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Who devised the Language Acquisition Device theory?
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Chomsky - this is something that switched on in a child's brain at birth.
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Who believed that there is a critical period and what are they?
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Chomsky - the critical period is between birth and age 12.
Lenneberg - the critical period is between age 2 and puberty. |
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Who believed that children need exposure to language in order to develop it?
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Chomsky and Lenneberg
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What is 'Universal Grammar'?
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This is Chomsky's belief that all languages follow similar grammatical patterns and, consequently, children can understand grammar.
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Whose theory revolves around conditioning behaviour?
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Skinner - in his view, positive and negative reinforcement help shape their language.
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Who believed that children imitate their parents?
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Skinner, Bruner, Brown and Bandura.
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What is positive reinforcement?
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Positive reinforcement - praising a child for doing something. (Skinner)
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What is a 'More Knowledgeable Other'?
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One whom has a better grasp of language than a child (ie. a parent, teacher, siblings, friends, etc.)
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What are the key points of Vygotsky's theory?
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• More Knowledgeable Other
• Zone of Proximal Development • Interaction • Problem solving • Culturally external factors' influence |
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Who believed that children learn from problem solving?
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Vygotsky
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What is the 'Zone of Proximal Development'?
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Vygotsky used a chart to determine a child's abilities; it shows:
• what a child can do • what a child can do with help • what a child cannot do |
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Who explored scaffolding, interaction and imitation?
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Bruner
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Who believed that children learn through interaction?
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Vygotsky, Bruner and Halliday (interactional function)
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What is cognitive development?
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The development of one's mental abilities and skills (Piaget)
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Who stated that learning is an active process?
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Bruner; Reah also stated that 21st century children's experience of narrative is interactive.
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Who stated that children are capable of learning anything, so long as their instructions are ordered appropriately?
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Bruner
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What is a schema?
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A category of information (Piaget)
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What is assimilation?
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The process of taking in new information; development of a new schema (Piaget)
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What is accommodation?
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The process of altering an existing schema (Piaget)
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What is equilibration?
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The balance that children make between assimilation and accommodation (Piaget).
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Define 'object permanence'.
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The understanding that objects still exist when they cannot be perceived (Piaget)
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What is the term for children understanding an object exists, even when they cannot be observed?
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Object permanence
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What are the stages and ages of Piaget's theory?
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• Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
• Preoperational (2-6 years) • Concrete Operational (7-11 years) • Formal Operational (12 years to adulthood) |
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At what stage of Piaget's theory do children develop language, playing and pretending?
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Preoperational stage (2-6 years)
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Which theorists believed in the importance of an individual's environment?
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Vygotsky, Pinker, Reah and Bandura
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Who believed the brain evolves to accommodate language?
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Pinker
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What is pivot-open grammar?
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Two word phrases such as 'all gone'. There are first- and second-position pivots. (Braine)
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Who believed that getting down to a child's level aids with language development?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
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Who believed that observing and following a child's lead aids language development?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
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Who believed commenting on a child's language aids with language development?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
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Who believed repeating and reassuring aids language development?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
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Who believed that adding words to a child's vocabulary aids language development?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
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Who believed recasting (scaffolding) aids with language development?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
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Who believed waiting and listening aids with language development?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
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Who believed questioning aids with language development?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
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Who believed gaining attention and eye contact with children aids with language development?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
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Who believed using gestures aids with language development?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
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What are the main points of Gleason's theory?
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• Fathers use complex vocabulary, imperatives and interrogatives
• Mothers scaffold and are more talkative • Children's language is influenced by the parent they spend most time with |
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Who believed that fathers use imperatives?
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Gleason
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Who believed that fathers use interrogatives?
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Gleason
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Who believed that mothers scaffold and are more talkative?
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Gleason
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Who believed mothers are more talkative?
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Gleason
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Who believed that fathers use complex vocabulary?
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Gleason
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Who believed that children use bilabials and at what age?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) between 18 months and 2 years.
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At what age do children focus on their own activities and find it difficult to be directed?
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Between 18 months and 2 years (DCSF)
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At what age can children understand between 200 and 500 words?
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Between 18 months and 2 years (DCSF)
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At what age do children have approximately a 50 word vocabulary?
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Between 18 months and 2 years (DCSF)
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At what age do children have approximately a 300 word vocabulary?
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Between 2 and 3 years (DCSF)
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At what age do children listen to talk that is addressed to them?
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Between 2 and 3 years (DCSF)
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At what age do children develop an understanding of prepositions, pronouns and plurals and instructional phrases?
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Between 2 and 3 years (DCSF)
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At what age can children understand 'who', 'what' and 'how' questions?
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Between 2 and 3 years (DCSF)
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At what age can children link 4-5 words together?
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Between 2 and 3 years (DCSF)
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What sounds do children have difficulties with between the ages of 2 and 3 (DCSF)?
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The /l/r/j/, /f/θ/ð/ and /s/∫/t∫/ʤ/ phonemes
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At what age can children hold a conversation?
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Between 2 and 3 years (DCSF)
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At what age to children like listening to stories?
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Between 3 and 4 years (DCSF)
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At what age do children enjoy telling stories and singing songs?
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Between 3 and 4 years (DCSF)
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At what age do children use turn-taking?
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Between 3 and 4 years (DCSF)
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At what age do children start conversations?
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Between 3 and 4 years (DCSF)
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At what age do children understand past, present and future?
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Between 3 and 4 years (DCSF)
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At what age do children confuse irregular verbs?
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Between 3 and 4 years (DCSF)
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At what age can children follow simple stories without pictures?
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Between 4 and 5 years (DCSF)
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At what age can children understand adjectives and sequencing words?
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Between 4 and 5 years (DCSF)
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At what age can children use well formed sentences?
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Between 4 and 5 years (DCSF)
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Who believed that children can have problems with consonant clusters?
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Barclay and the DCSF
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Who believed that children frequently ask questions about unfamiliar words?
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The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF)
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What expresses the importance of reading materials for children?
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The Early Years Foundation Stage Framework 'Curriculum' (EYFS)
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What states that children are more comfortable talking with familiar groups of people?
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The Early Years Foundation Stage Framework 'Curriculum' (EYFS)
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What states that children use their phonic knowledge to read words?
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The Early Years Foundation Stage Framework 'Curriculum' (EYFS)
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What states that children write simple sentences?
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The Early Years Foundation Stage Framework 'Curriculum' (EYFS)
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At what stage did Chall believe children develop most of their vocabulary?
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Pre-reading stage (under 6 years)
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When do children acquire a knowledge of print?
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Pre-reading stage (under the age of 6) (Chall)
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At what age do children learn the alphabet?
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Between 6 and 7 years (Chall)
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At what age does direct teaching start?
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Between 6 and 7 years (Chall)
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Who stated that children read stories of increasingly complex lexis?
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Chall (between 7 and 8 years)
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At what age do children confront different viewpoints?
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Between 12 and 15 years (Chall)
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What are the main points of Chall's theory?
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• Children's greatly vocabulary increases (before age 6)
• Children learn the alphabet • Children read stories of increasingly complex lexis • The emphasis transitions from learning to read to reading to learn |
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At what age do children pronounce individual letters?
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Logographic stage (Frith)
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At what stage do children become comfortable with the alphabet?
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Alphabetic stage (Frith)
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At what stage can children use diagraphs?
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Alphabetic stage (Frith)
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At what stage does a child's phonological awareness greatly develop?
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Alphabetic stage (Frith)
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What are the three stages of Frith's theory?
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1. Logographic
2. Alphabetic 3. Orthographic |
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What are the four stages of Kroll's theory?
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1. Preparatory stage
2. Consolidation stage 3. Differentiation stage 4. Integration stage |
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According to Kroll's theory, when do children write phonetically?
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Consolidation stage - up to age 6
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Who stated that children use declaratives as well as the 'and' conjunction?
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Kroll - Consolidation stage
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Who stated that children use incomplete sentences?
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Kroll - Consolidation stage
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At what stage do children become aware of the difference between speaking and writing?
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Differentiation stage (Kroll)
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At what stage do children recognise that there are different writing forms?
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Differentiation stage (Kroll)
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When do children use guides/frameworks to structure their work?
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Differentiation stage (Kroll)
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When do children write to reflect their thoughts?
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Differentiation stage (Kroll)
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At what stage do children develop a personal writing style?
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Integration stage (Kroll)
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At what stage do children understand that they can use different writing forms?
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Integration stage (Kroll)
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What are the seven stages of Barclay's theory?
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1. Scribbling
2. Mock handwriting 3. Mock letters 4. Conventional letters 5. Invented spelling 6. Appropriate/phonetic spelling 7. Correct spelling |
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At what stage in Barclay's theory do children draw random marks on a page?
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Scribbling stage
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At what stage do drawings accompany writing?
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Mock handwriting stage (Barclay)
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Who stated that children's names start sentences?
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Barclay - Conventional letters stage
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Who noticed that children have difficulties with lexis containing double consonants?
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Barclay
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Who noticed children write/spell phonetically?
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Barclay, Kroll, (EYFS)
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Who highlighted children's difficulty with stressed and unstressed graphemes?
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Barclay
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Who noticed children's confusion with vowel combinations?
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Barclay
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Who noticed children's confusion with suffixing and prefixing?
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Barclay
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Who noticed children's confusion with the initial letter of lexis?
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Barclay
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According to Labov, what are the six stages of a narrative?
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1. Abstract
2. Orientation 3. Complicating action 4. Resolution 5. Evaluation 6. Coda |
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What stage does Labov attribute to the beginning of a narrative?
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Abstract (first stage)
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What stage of a narrative involves who, what, where and when an event happened?
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Orientation (second stage) (Labov)
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What follows the Orientation stage in Labov's theory of narrative?
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Complicating action
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According to Labov, what is a narrative's Resolution?
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The conclusion to the narrative (fourth stage)
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According to Labov, what is the Evaluation of a narrative?
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The narrative's moral (fifth stage)
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According to Labov, what is the Coda?
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The meaning of a narrative (sixth stage)
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What is a narrative of personal experience?
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A narration of events that one has personally experienced (Labov)
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What is a narrative's 'credibility'?
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The believability (Labov)
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What is a 'free clause'?
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Something that remains true throughout the narrative (Labov)
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What is a 'bound clause'?
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An independent clause (Labov)
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What is reportability?
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This requires someone to have more social space than in any other form of conversation. (Labov)
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What is the Sacks Assignment Theorem?
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In spontaneous conversation, speakers do not have control of what other speakers will say.
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What are the seven functions of Halliday's theory?
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Regulatory, Instrumental, Personal, Heuristic, Interactional, Representational and Imaginative
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What is the Instrumental function (Halliday)?
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Expressing need
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What is the Regulatory function (Halliday)?
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Instructions
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What is the Interactional function (Halliday)?
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Socialising
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What is the Personal function (Halliday)?
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Expressing feelings
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What is the Heuristic function (Halliday)?
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Asking for information
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What is the Representational function (Halliday)?
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Conveying information
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What is the Imaginative function (Halliday)?
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Telling stories, jokes and lying
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What did Brown focus on?
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He focused on the correlation between language and thought.
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Which theory is associated with the term 'mean length of utterance'?
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Brown - he presumably found that this increases as children develop language.
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What is the mean length of utterance?
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A set of morphemes (basic units of meaning)
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What does MLU stand for?
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Mean length of utterance
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According to Brown, why do children make some mistakes when they are more developed that they did not when they were younger?
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When children are younger, they imitate their parents; however, they start working more independently.
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What is emergent writing?
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Children understand that writing is a form of communication.
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Who stated that children observe adults as they read?
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Reah
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Who stated that 21st century children are surrounded by visual signs?
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Read
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Who stated that children learn through their personal understanding of the world?
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Reah
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Who stated that children learn through association?
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Reah, Bandura and Pavlov
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Who stated that children differentiate between their writing and drawings?
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Reah
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According to Reah, what do children begin to understand about literacy?
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• Print carries meaning
• Print is different from drawing • Speech can be encoded in print • Print can be read aloud • Print has Standard directionality |
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According to Reah, when do children learn the conventions of writing (ie. directionality, directionality, letter formation, etc.)?
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When formal education begins
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Who stated that children learn through multi-sensory systems (ie. stories, songs, movement, etc.)
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Reah
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Which theories state that children's early orthography is a result of the knowledge of the spelling system?
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Reah, EYFS
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What are common habits of children's writing (Reah)?
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• They may use single graphemes to indicates a syllable
• They may omit vowels |
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Who stated that children's writing eventually diverges from their speech?
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Reah
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Who stated that children are eventually able to express in writing what they could already express in speech?
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Reah
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Who stated that children's experience of narrative is flexible and interactive?
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Reah
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Who stated that 21st century children are surrounded by multimedia texts?
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Reah
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What is encoding?
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The development of information (same as a schema (Piaget))
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Who developed a social learning theory?
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Bandura
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What term does Bandura use for influential people?
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'Model' (similar to 'More Knowledgeable Other' (Vygotsky))
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According to Bandura, what does social learning require?
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• Attention
• Retention • Motivation • Ability |
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Who stated that children imitate their models whether it is 'gender appropriate' or not?
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Bandura
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Who studied power and how it affects people?
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Zimbardo
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