Child Developmnet 1St Exam

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Social and emotional development

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The developmental domain that includes changes in emotion, self-concepts, and interpersonal relationships.

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Cognitive Development

Back 2

The developmental domain that includes thinking and reasoning skills and language development.

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continuity

Back 3

In child development, the idea that changes are gradual and occur little by little, over time.

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Discontinuity

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In child development, the idea that changes are sudden and qualitative rather than gradual and quantitative.

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tabula rasa

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Literally, "blank slate," usually associated with Locke's view that the child's mind is a blank slate that will be written upon only be experience.

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maturation

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a predetermined, natural course of growth that is similar for all members of a species.

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Psychoanalysis

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A method of psychotherapy invented by Freud, in which patients describe dreams and tell the therapist whatever comes into their minds in a stream of consciousness, and in which the therapist attempts to bring unconscious motives and emotions into consciousness.

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oral stage

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In Freud's theory, the first stage of development, which occurs during the first year of life, and in which pleasure is centered on the mouth and on feeding.

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Anal stage

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In Freud's theory, the stage of development when pleasure centers on the anal region of the body, usually 1-3 years of age.

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Phallic Stage

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In Freud's theory, the third stage of development, which occurs from 3 to 6 years of age, and in which pleasure is centered on the genitals.

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Latency Stage

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In Freud's theory, the stage of psychosexual development that occurs during middle childhood, when psychosexual needs seem to subside and energies are directed towards activities outside their bodies.

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Genital stage

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In Freud's theory, the final stage of psychosexual development, beginning in adolescence, in which pleasure is centered on the genitals and is obtained from genital stimulation, as in sexual intercourse.

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id

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In Freud's theory, that part of the psyche that contains unconscious motives and desires.

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ego

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In Freud's theory, the part of the psyche that is the conscious overseer of the daily activities; this must mediate between the demands of the id and strictures of the super ego.

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Superego

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In Freud's theory, that part of the psyche that contains the moral and ethical sense; the conscience

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basic trust versus mistrust

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In Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the first stage, in which infants either learn or do not learn that people can be trusted and that the world is safe.

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Autonomy versus shame and doubt

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In Erikson's theory, the second stage of development, in which toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of themselves as independent actors.

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States of Consciousness

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levels of alertness, which are normally cyclical in infants; examples include quietly altert stage, quiet sleep, and active sleep.

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Perception

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Organized view of the world based on information received from the senses.

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Multimodal Perception

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Organized perception of stimulation from many different sensory modalities, such as vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.

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Reflexes

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Automatic responses triggered by specific, relatively localized stimuli, such as the rooting reflex or the moro reflex; most newborn reflexes disappear after a few months.

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Habituation

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A gradual reduction in the strength of response to a stimulus that has been presented repeatedly.

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Dishabituation

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After habituation has occurred, a sudden recovery of response as a result of exposure to a novel stimulus rather than the expected or familiar stimulus.

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Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

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Test of a newborn's reflexes, changes of arousal state, and responses to people and objects; infants with the lowest scores are most vulnerable to developing behavior problems during childhood.

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Toxemia

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A complication in which swelling of hands and feet is accompanies by a rise in blood pressure.

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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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The autoimmune disease caused by HIV.

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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The virus that causes AIDS.

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rubella

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Three-day measles; sometimes called German measles. Women that contract it during the first trimester (when eyes, ears, and central nervous system structures are forming) are more likely to have babies with serious birth defects. In 1940s, link was found between rubella and deaf/blind babies.

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teratogen

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an environmental agent that interferes with normal prenatal development

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spina bifida

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a birth defect that leaves an opening in the back, exposing the spine.

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Triples-screen blood test

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prenatal test done for birth defects such as spina bifida; usually performed between 16 and 18 weeks' gestational age.