Child Development Test Chapter 5, 6, And 7

Front 1

Average length and weight of newborns

Back 1

18 to 22 inches long and weigh 5.5 to 10 pounds.

Front 2

What is the average age for walking?

Back 2

Most babies take their first steps sometime between 9 and 12 months and walking well by the time they're 14 or 15 months.

Front 3

What is Head-Sparing?

Back 3

Biological mechanism that protects brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth.

Front 4

What is Body Fat?

Back 4

Source of early weight gain provides insulation, and stores nourishment.

Front 5

Brain development percentage by age 2

Back 5

By age 2, the brain weighs almost 75% of adult brain.

Front 6

Neuron

Back 6

-Basic nerve cell in central nervous system

-70% of neurons are in the cortex

-Infant brains have billions of neurons

Front 7

Cortex

Back 7

-Outer layers of brain

-has to do with most thinking and feelings

Front 8

Axon

Back 8

-Fiber that extends from a neuron

-Transmits electrochemical impulses to dendrites of other neurons.

Front 9

Dendrites

Back 9

-Fiber that extends from the neuron

-Receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons.

Front 10

Neurotransmitters

Back 10

A release of chemicals called neurotransmitters are sent by electrochemical impulses. Function is to carry information from one neuron to another neuron.

Front 11

Stress

Back 11

If an infant is subjected to too much stress, the brain can overproduce stress hormones. As an adult, this child may not have normal response to stress.

Front 12

Prefrontal cortex

Back 12

Located in very front of the brain, just behind the forehead. It's in charge of abstract thinking and thought analysis, it is also responsible for regulating behavior.

Front 13

Reflexes for survival

Back 13

-Breathing reflex (Also hiccups and sneezes)

-Maintain body temperature (cry, shiver, tuck legs)

-Feeding (rooting, sucking, swallowing, spitting up)

Front 14

1. 2. 3.

Sensation > Perception > Cognition

Back 14

1. Sensory system first detects an external stimulus.

2. Brain notices and processes this sensation. Perception requires experience.

3. Cognition follows perception. Infant thinks about what she has perceived.

Front 15

Newborns' vision

Back 15

Newborns are "legally blind"

-can only focus on objects between 4 and 30 inches away.

Front 16

How much do babies sleep?

Back 16

Newborn babies spend most of their time sleeping. Approximately 15-17 hours daily.

Front 17

What is Co-sleeping?

Back 17

A custom in which parents and children (usually infants) sleep in the same bed.

*never take a baby in bed if you've been under influence of drugs and/or alcohol*

Front 18

Benefits to infant of breast feeding

Back 18

-for most newborns, good nutrition starts with mother's milk.

-breast milk provides antibodies against any diseases to which the mother is immune.

-breastfed children have fewer allergies and stomach aches.

Front 19

Motor Skill

Back 19

Learned ability to move some part of the body.

Front 20

Primary Circular Reactions

Back 20

Stage 1: stage of reflexes

Stage 2: reflexes are adjusted as repeated response provide information about what the body does and how each action feels.

Front 21

Secondary Circular Reactions

Back 21

Stage 3: babies respond and interact with other people, toys, and any other object they can touch or move.

Stage 4: babies think about a goal and how to reach it.

Front 22

Tertiary Circular Reactions

Back 22

-most creative. Action, ideas, and discovery!

Stage 5: feedback through active experimentation ("Little Scientist")

Stage 6: toddlers begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using mental combinations.

Front 23

Object Permanence

Back 23

Realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.

Front 24

Affordances depend on an individual's...

Back 24

Sensory awareness, immediate motivation, current level of development, past experiences

Front 25

Babbling

Back 25

Extended repetition of certain syllables (between 6 to 9 months).

Front 26

Holophrase

Back 26

Single word that expresses a complete, meaningful thought.

Front 27

2 most important schools of thought

Back 27

-Behaviorism: language must be taught [Skinner]

-Epigenetic theory: infants teach themselves [Chomsky]

Front 28

Self Awareness

Back 28

Realization that person is distinct individual.

Front 29

Attachment strange situation

Back 29

Laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking an infant's separations and reunions with a caregiver.

1. Infant explores toys (caregiver present).

2. Infant reacts to arrival of 'stranger' and caregiver's departure.

3. Child is left alone.

4. Infant reacts to 'stranger' then caregiver's return.

Front 30

Type A : insecure-avoidant attachment

Back 30

Infant avoids connection with caregiver.

Front 31

Type B : secure attachment

Back 31

Infant experiences comfort and confidence from presence of caregiver.

Front 32

Type C : insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment

Back 32

Pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident.

Front 33

Type D : Disorganized attachment

Back 33

Type of attachment infant demonstrates inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return.

Front 34

What is temperament?

Back 34

Inborn, core differences between one person and another in style of approach and response to the environment.

Front 35

Synchrony

Back 35

A coordinated, rapid and smooth exchange of responses between caregiver and infant.

Front 36

Social referencing

Back 36

Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions.