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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychic energy
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Freud's term for the biologically instinctual drives that he believed fuels behavior, thoughts, and feelings
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Erogenous zones
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in Freud's theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
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Id
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in psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and most primitive personality structure; it is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure
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Oral stage
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the first stage in Freud's theory, occurring in the first year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity
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Ego
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in psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop; it is the rational, logical, problem solving component of personality
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Anal stage
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the second stage in Freud's theory, lasting roughly from 1 to 3 years of age, in which the primary source of pleasure comes from defecation
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Phallic stage
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the third stage in Freud's theory, lasting from age 3 to 6, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia
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Superego
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in psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards
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Internalization
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the process of adopting as one's own the attributes, beliefs, and standards of another person
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Oedipus complex
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Freud's term for the conflict experienced by boys in the phallic period because of their sexual desire for their mother and their fear of retaliation by their father
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Electra complex
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Freud's term for the conflict experienced by girls in the phallic stage when they develop unacceptable romantic feelings for their father and see their mother as a rival
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Latency period
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the fourth stage in Freud's theory, lasting from age 6 to 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities
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Genital stage
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the fifth and final stage in Freud's theory, beginning in adolescence, in which sexual maturation is complete and sexual intercourse becomes a major goal
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Systematic desensitization
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a form of therapy based on classical conditioning, in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicit a highly negative response
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Behavior modification
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a form of therapy based on principles of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior
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Reciprocal determinism
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Bandura's concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions; children are affected by aspects of their environment, but they also influence the environment
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Perceived self-efficacy
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an individual's beliefs about how effectively he or she can control his or her own behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal
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Vicarious reinforcement
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observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
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Self-socialization
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the idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on
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Role taking
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being aware of the perspective of another person, thereby better understanding that person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings
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Hostile attributional bias
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in Dodge's theory, the tendency to assume that other people's ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent
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Mastery orientation
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a general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure
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Helpless orientation
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a general tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure
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Entity theory
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a theory that a person's level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable
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Incremental theory
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a theory that intelligence is not fixed and can grow as a function of experience
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Ethology
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the study of evolutionary bases of behavior
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Imprinting
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a form of learning in which the young of some species of newborn birds and mammals become attached to and follow adult members of the species
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Parental-investment theory
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a theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior, including the extensive investment parents make in their offspring
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Microsystem
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in bioecological theory, the immediate environment that an individual personally experiences
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Mesosystem
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in bioecological theory, the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings
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Exosystem
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in bioecological theory, environmental settings that a person does not directly experience but that can affect the person indirectly
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Macrosystem
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in bioecological theory, the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded
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Chronosystem
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in bioecological theory, historical changes that influence the other systems
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Child maltreatment
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intentional abuse of neglect that endangers the well-being of anyone under the age of 18
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ADHD
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a syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention
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Emotional intelligence
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a set of abilities that contribute to competence in the social and emotional domains
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Emotion
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characterized by physiological responses, subjective feelings, cognitions related to those feelings, and the desire to take action
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Discrete emotions theory
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a theory about emotions discussed by Tomkins, Izard, and others in which emotions are viewed as innate and discrete from one another from very early in life, and each emotion is believed to be packaged with a specific and distinctive set of bodily and facial reactions
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Functional approach
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a theory of emotion proposed by Campos and others that argues that the basic function of emotions is to promote action toward achieving a goal; in this view, emotions are not discrete from one another and vary somewhat based on the social environment
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Social smiles
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smiles that are directed at people; they first emerge as early as 6 to 7 weeks of age
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Separation anxiety
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feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they are separated, or expect to be separated, from individuals to whom they are emotionally attached
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Self-conscious emotions
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emotions such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that relates to our sense of self and our consciousness of others' reactions to us
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Emotional self regulation
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the process of initiating, inhibiting, or modulating internal feeling states and related physiological processes, cognitions, and behaviors
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Social competence
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the ability to achieve personal goals in social interactions while simultaneously maintaining positive relationships with others
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Temperament
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constitutionally based individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self regulation that demonstrate consistency across situations, as well as relative stability over time
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Behavior inhibition
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a temperamentally based style of responding characterized by the tendency to be particularly fearful and restrained when dealing with novel or stressful situations
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Goodness of fit
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the degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment
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Personality
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the pattern of behavioral and emotional propensities, beliefs and interests, and intellectual capacities that characterize and individual
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Socialization
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the process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future role in their particular culture
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Display rules
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a social group's informal norms about when, where, and how much one should show emotions and when and where displays of emotion should be suppressed or masked by displays of other emotions
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Attachment
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an emotional bond with a specific person that is enduring across space and time
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Attachment theory
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theory based on John Bowlby's work that posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival
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Secure base
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Bowlby's term for when an attachment figure's presence provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the infant to explore the environment
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Internal working model of attachment
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the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers; this guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages
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Strange situation
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a procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess infants' attachment to their primary caregiver
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Secure attachment
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a pattern of attachment in which infants and young children have a high-quality, relatively unambivalent relationship with their attachment figure
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Insecure attachment
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a pattern of attachment in which infants and young children have a less positive attachment to their caregiver than do securely attached children
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Insecure/resistant (ambivalent) attachment
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a pattern of attachment in which infants and young children are clingy and stay close to their caregiver rather than exploring their environment
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Insecure/avoidant attachment
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a pattern of attachment in which infants and young children seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregiver
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Disorganized/disoriented attachment
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a pattern of attachment in which infants and young children have no consistent way of coping with the stress of the strange situation
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Adult attachment models
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working models of attachment in adulthood that are believed to be based upon adults' perceptions of their own childhood experiences - especially their relationships with their parents - and of the influence of these experiences on them as adults
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Parental sensitivity
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an important factor contributing to the security of an infant's attachment; can be exhibited in a variety of ways, including responsive care giving when children are distressed or upset and helping children to engage in learning situations by providing just enough guidance and supervision
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Self
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a conceptual system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself
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Social comparison
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the process of comparing aspects of one's own psychological, behavioral, or physical functioning to that of others in order to evaluate oneself
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Personal fable
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a story that adolescents tell about themselves that involves beliefs in the uniqueness of their own feelings and their immortality
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Imaginary audience
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the belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent's appearance and behavior
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Identity versus identity confusion
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Erikson's psychological stage of development that occurs during adolescence; during this stage, the adolescent or young adult either develops an identity of experiences an incomplete and sometimes incoherent sense of self
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Identity confusion
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an incomplete and sometimes incoherent sense of self that often occurs in Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion
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Identity foreclosure
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premature commitment to an identity without adequate consideration of other options
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Negative identity
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identity that stands in opposition to what is valued by people around the adolescent
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Psychosocial moratorium
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a time out during which the adolescent is not expected to take on adult roles and can pursue activities that lead to self discovery
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Identity diffusion status
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a category of identity status in which the individual does not have firm commitments and is not making progress toward them
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Foreclosure status
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a category of identity status in which the individual is not engaged in any identity experimentation and has established a vocational or ideological identity based on the choices or values of others
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Moratorium status
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a category of identity status in which the individual is in the phase of experimentation with regard to occupational and ideological choices and has not yet made a clear commitment to them
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Identity achievement status
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a category of identity status in which, after a period of exploration, the individual has achieved a coherent and consolidated identity based on personal decisions regarding occupation, ideology, and the like; the individual believes that these decisions were made autonomously and is committed to them
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Ethnic identity
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individuals sense of belonging to an ethnic or racial group, including the degree to which they associate their thinking, perceptions, feelings, and behavior with membership in that group
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Sexual orientation
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a person's preference in regard to males or females as objects of erotic feelings
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Sexual minority youth
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people who experience same sex attractions and for whom the question of personal sexual identity is often confusing and painful
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Self-esteem
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one's overall evaluation of the worth and the self and the feelings that this evaluation engenders
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