Child Development Chapter 12

Front 1

Social cognition

Back 1

The way we use cognitive processes to understand our social world

Front 2

False belief

Back 2

The understanding that someone else may believe something that a child knows to be untrue

Front 3

False belief paradigm

Back 3

An experimental task used to assess a child's understanding that others may believe something the child knows to be untrue

Front 4

Recursive thinking

Back 4

The ability to think about other people thinking about your thinking

Front 5

Hostile attributional bias

Back 5

The tendency to interpret the innocent behavior of others as intentionally hostile rather than benign

Front 6

Play disruption

Back 6

An inability to play because a child emotions are preventing the kind of free expression linked with the fun of play

Front 7

Physical activity play

Back 7

The type of Play that involve large muscle activity

Front 8

Rhythmic stereotypies

Back 8

Repeated large muscle movements that have no purpose, such as kicking the legs or waving the hands, usually seen in infants

Front 9

Exercise play

Back 9

Play in young children that involves large muscle movement, such as running or jumping

Front 10

Rough and Tumble play

Back 10

Play that looks like fighting or wrestling, where the goal is not to hurt or win, but to have fun

Front 11

Play therapy

Back 11

A way to help children work through difficult feelings with the help of an adult who is trained to understand play as a type of communication

Front 12

Unoccupied Behavior

Back 12

Looking around at whatever occurs, but engaging in no activity

Front 13

Onlooker Behavior

Back 13

Watching other children play

Front 14

Solitary independent play

Back 14

Engaging actively with toys that are different from those being used by other children

Front 15

Parallel play

Back 15

Playing next to a peer with the same type of materials, but not interacting with the other child

Front 16

Associative play

Back 16

Sharing toys and interacting with peers, but without a common goal

Front 17

Cooperative play

Back 17

Play with peers that has a common goal

Front 18

Friendship

Back 18

A mutual relationship marked by companionship, closeness, and affection

Front 19

Discovery learning

Back 19

An approach to teaching that emphasizes allowing children to discover for themselves new information and understanding

Front 20

Practice play

Back 20

Performing a certain behavior repetitively for the mere pleasure of it

Front 21

Symbolic/sociodramatic play

Back 21

Using symbolic representations and Imagination for play

Front 22

Games with rules

Back 22

Making up rules for a game or playing games with pre-established rules

Front 23

Constructive play

Back 23

Building or making something for the purposes of play

Front 24

Social status

Back 24

The level of peer acceptance or peer rejection of an individual in the peer group

Front 25

Sociometry

Back 25

A research technique used to assess a child's social status within the peer group

Front 26

Popular children

Back 26

Children who receive a lot of nominations as "like most" and few as "like least" on the sociometric measure

Front 27

Rejected children

Back 27

Children who recieve a lot of nominations for "like least" and few as "like most" on a sociometric measure

Front 28

Average children

Back 28

Children who receive a number of nominations for "like most" and "like least" that is close to the median in the peer group on social metrics measure

Front 29

Neglected children

Back 29

Children who receive relatively few nominations either as "like most" or as "like least" from peers on a social metric measure

Front 30

Controversial children

Back 30

Children who receive both a large number of nominations for "like most" and a large number of nominations for "like least" from peers on a social metric measure

Front 31

Popular pro-social children

Back 31

Children who are popular among peers because they are low on aggression and have a number of desirable characteristics

Front 32

Popular antisocial children

Back 32

Children who are popular with peers by combining prosocial behaviour with social manipulation

Front 33

Rejected aggressive children

Back 33

Children who are rejected by peers because they are aggressive, annoying, or socially unskilled

Front 34

Rejected withdrawn children

Back 34

Children who are rejected by peers because they are socially withdrawn and anxious

Front 35

Rejection sensitivity

Back 35

The extent to which a child is affected by peer rejection

Front 36

Gender segregation

Back 36

A preference for playing with other children of the same gender

Front 37

Cliques

Back 37

A small group of friends who spend time together and develop close relationships

Front 38

Crowds

Back 38

Large, reputation-based groups that are based on a shared stereotype but whose members do not necessarily spend time together

Front 39

Peer pressure

Back 39

Influence exerted by peers to get others to comply with their wishes or expectations

Front 40

Bullying

Back 40

Being exposed repeatedly and overtime to negative actions on the part of peers, including physical bullying, verbal bullying, and or emotional bullying

Front 41

Cyber bullying

Back 41

The use of electronic Technologies, including emails, text messages, digital images, web pages (including social network sites), blogs, or chat rooms, too socially harm others