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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Infant reflexes
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built in reactions to stimuli, they govern the newborn's movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn's control
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Moro reflex
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neonatal startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden, intense noise or movement
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Babinski relfex
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sole of foot-stroked, fans out toes, twists foot in
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Rooting reflex
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newborn's built in reaction that occurs when the infant's cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched
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grasping reflex
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neonatal reflect that occurs when something touches the infant's palms; infant responds by grasping tightly
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fine motor skills
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finely tuned movements
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gross motor skills
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motor skills that involve large muscle activities such as walking
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left/right handed
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preference for using one hand over another
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Sensation
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reaction that occurs when information contacts sensory receptors-the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin
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perception
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the interpretation of sensation
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Shape constancy
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recognition that an object remains the same even thought the retinal image of the object changes
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Size constancy
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recognition that an object remains the same even though its orientation to us changes
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Vision problems
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rubbing the eyes, excessive blinking, squinting, appearing irritable when playing games that require good distance vision, shutting or covering one eye, tilting/thrusting head
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Newborn's preference for sounds
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prefer recording of their mother's voice to the voice of an unfamiliar woman; their mothers native language to a foreign language; Beethoven to Aeropostale
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Piaget
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cognitive theory
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Assimillation
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Piagetian concept of the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge (schemes)
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Accomodaton
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Piagetian concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences
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Adaptation
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adjusting to new environmental demands
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Habituation
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decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation of the stimulus
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dishabituation
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the recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
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Disequilibrium
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shift one stage to the next; as children experience cognitive conflict or disequilibrium in trying to understand the world
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Piaget's stages
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sensorimotor (0 to 2 years)
preoperational (2 to 7 years) concrete operational (7 to 11 years) formal operational (11 through adulthood) |
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Object permanence
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Piagetian term for one of an infant's most important accomplishments: understanding that objects and evens continue to exist even when cannot be directly seen, heard, or touched
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Egocentrism
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an important feature of preoperational thought, the ability to distinguish between one's own and someone else's perspective
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Animism
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a facet of preoperational thought, the belief that inanimate objects have "lifelike" qualities and are capable of action
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Irreversibilty
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can reverse a previous action
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Conservation
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the idea that an amount stays the same regardless of how its container changes
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Information processing
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an approach that focuses on the ways children process information about their world-how they manipulate information, monitor it, and create strategies to deal with it
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Metacognition
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cognition about cognition or "knowing about knowing"
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3 processes of memory
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-Encoding-getting information into memory
-Storage- retaining information over time -Retrieval-taking information out of storage |
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3 Types of memory
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-Sensory-couple of seconds, selectively decide what is important
-Short term-15-30 seconds, limited capacity -Long term-permanent and unlimited |
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Chunking
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grouping bits of information into one higher oreder unit that can be remembered as a whole
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Ellaboration
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Engaging in more extensive processing of information; memory benefits
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Imagery
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Creating mental images
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Rehearsal
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better for short term than long term verbatim information is encoded
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Thinking
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manipulating and transforming information in memory, usually to form concepts, reason, thinking critically, and solve problems
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Intelligence
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thinking skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences
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Alfred Binet
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Constructed the first intelligence test after being asked to create a measure to determine which children could benefit from instruction in France's schools and which could not
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
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Analyze an individual's responses in four content areas: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, and short term memory
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Wechsler Scale
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provide an overall IQ score but also scores on six verbal and 5 nonverbal IQ scores and to see quickly the areas in which the individual is below average, average, or above average
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Howard Gardner
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8 multiple intelligences, everyone has all of those intelligences but to varying degrees
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Spearman
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proposed that intelligence has 2 factors; two factor theory and factor analysis
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Sternburg
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believes traditional IQ tests fail to measure some important dimensions of intelligence three main types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical
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Culture fair intelligence test
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intelligence tests that are intended to not be culturally biased
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Mental retardation
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a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual...
1) has a low IQ, usually below 70 2)difficulty adopting to everyday life 3) has an onset of these characteristics by age 18 |
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Exceptional children
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have a high intelligence over 130; precocity, marching to their own drummer, a passion to master
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Brainstorming
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a technique in which children are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off one another's ideas, and say practically whatever comes to mind
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Helen Keller
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deaf and blind
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Wild Boy of Aveyron
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Boy captured at 11 years old and lived in the woods for 6 years; made no effort to communicate
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Modern Day Genie
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Los Angeles; 13 years old locked away in total isolation during childhood; could not speak or stand erect
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Hollophrase
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a single word that functions as a phrase of sentence
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Telegraphic speech
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the use of short and precise words without grammatical markers such as articles, auxilliary verbs, and other connectives
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Noam Chomsky
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humans are biologically prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way; children are born into the world with an LAD, enables the child to detect the features and rules of language
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Critical period for language
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Lenneburg-18 months-puberty
other evidence suggests that there is no critical period for language learning |
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Child directed speech
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language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences
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Bilingual education
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teaches academic subjects to immigrant children in their native language while slowly teaching English; children have difficulty learning a subject when it is taught in a language they don't understand -with both languages, children learn second more readily
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