Child Debelopment #1

Front 1

Typical behaviors

Back 1

*ways of acting or responding that are common at each stage of childhoold.
*Understanding these behaviors can help you respond to children more appropriately.

Front 2

Children past and present

Back 2

*until the 20th century, some people believed that there was nothing special or important about the early years of life.
"They thought children should e see not heard"
*advances in technology and medicine have changed views about childhood.

Front 3

childhood past/present for health

Back 3

*Past: diseases caused deaths in almost every family.
*Present: many diseases can now be controlled.

Front 4

childhood past/present for education

Back 4

past:schools were small, children of all ages and abilities were together
present: students are now grouped by ages and technology has enhanced learning options.

Front 5

childhood past/present for love

Back 5

past and present: although childhood was different in the past, one thing that hasn't changed was the need for love.

Front 6

childhood past/present for work

Back 6

past: children were expected to work at adult jobs early in life.
present: laws were enacted banning children from working in factories or other adult workplaces. Today, most children are still expected to work, but at growing, learning and playing. Some teen hold job, but laws specify the minimum working age.

Front 7

childhood past/present for play

Back 7

past: children had fewer toys, they were simple and often homemade.
present: toys seem endless children spend most of their time playing.

Front 8

childhood past/present for dress

Back 8

past: dress was more formal. Infants and toddlers of both genders wore gowns.
present: clothes are more casual for boys and girls. They are washable, comfortable and loose.

Front 9

Stimulating children senses

Back 9

Scientists have found that babies brains develop in response to stimulation.
*includes: sight, sound, touch, taste and smell.
*These activities can improve a baby's curiosity, attention span, memory and nervous system development.

Front 10

Patterns of Development

Back 10

*Development doesn't end when childhood does. It continues through life from birth to death called
"human life cycle"

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Development beyond childhood

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1. adolescence
2. young adulthood
3. the thirties
4. middle age
5. late adulthood
6. very late adulthood

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Adolescence

Back 12

*the stage of life between childhood and adulthood

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Young adulthood

Back 13

*This stage refers to people in their twenties when many adults finish their education and begin working

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The thirties

Back 14

this stage presents challenges of establishing roots, reevaluating life choices made earlier, finding stability in career and relationships.

Front 15

Middle Age

Back 15

this stage lasts from about 40-55
*Adults in this stage typically ask themselves if they are satisfied with the life they have built. If NOT they make changes such as career.

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Late adulthood

Back 16

this is 55-75, most adults retire.

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Very late adulthood

Back 17

this is beyond age 75 when health problem become more common. Many are still active and they contribute their knowledge and experience to society.

Front 18

Heredity-Nature

Back 18

the biological transfer of certain characteristics from earlier generations.
*often referred to as nature
***blood type, eye color, and hair color are examples.

Front 19

Evnironment-Nurture

Back 19

refers to people, places and things that surround and influence a person including family, home, school and communtity.
*referred to as nurture

Front 20

Observation records

Back 20

1. can acquaint you with his/her personality
2. caregivers can identify children with disabilities or require extra care.
3. provides useful feedback

Front 21

Observing methods

Back 21

1. running record
2. anecdotal record
3. frequency count
4. developmental checklist

Front 22

Running record

Back 22

observers write down everything they observed for a set peiod, such as 15 minutes.
*useful for observers who are getting to know a child or group of children.
*appropriate when concentrating on a certain area of development, such as social interaction.

Front 23

Anecdotal recored

Back 23

similar to a running record in that the observer can concentrate on a specific area of development, such as adjustment to a new child care center.

Front 24

Frequency count

Back 24

a tally of how often a certain behavior occurs
*first the observer finds a baseline -a count made before any steps are taken to try to change the behavior.

Front 25

Developmental checklist

Back 25

a list of skills children should master or behaviors they should exhibit at a certain age, called "developmental checklist"
*observers simply "check" off the skills or behaviors they see.

Front 26

Nuclear family

Back 26

includes a mother and father and at least one child. Two parents to help raise the children.

Front 27

Single parent family

Back 27

includes either a mother or a father and at least one child. Can be from death, divorce or never married.

Front 28

Custodial parent

Back 28

the one with whom the child resides, a necessary break from the chanllenges of single parenthood.

Front 29

Blended family

Back 29

formed when a single parent marries another person who may or may not have children.

Front 30

Foster children/family

Back 30

*typically come from troubled families or those in difficult cirumstances.
*foster parents care for foster children, giving them a home while their parents solve problems or an adoptive home can be found.

Front 31

Trends affecting families

Back 31

all families are affected by trends int he society around them.
*include mobility, aging population, fluctuations in the economy, workplace changes and impact of technology.

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Mobility

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*many adults move from the community where they were raised.
*families lack close, supportive connections with extended family.

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Aging population

Back 33

*people are living longer than they used to.
*advances in medicine and nutrition have contributed to the longer average lifespan.

Front 34

Economic Changes

Back 34

*families struggle to make ends meet.
*particularly true in times of economic downturn and finances are often the reason why both parents are employed.
*significant impact on families

Front 35

Parenting styles

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1. authoritarian
2. assertive-democratic
3. permissive
**few parents follow just one style at all times***

Front 36

Authoritarian

Back 36

*believes children should obey their parents without question
*when rules are broken, the authoritarian typically responds quickly and firmly

Front 37

Assertive-Democratic

Back 37

*children have more input into the rules and limits of the home.
*when rules are broken, they believe children learn best from accepting the results of their actions or by problem solving with the child to find an acceptable punishment.

Front 38

Permissive

Back 38

*parents give children a wide range of freedom
*children set their own rules
*

Front 39

Guidance

Back 39

*means using firmness and understanding to help children learn to behave.

Front 40

Self-discipline

Back 40

*the ability to control their own behavior.
*they learn to get along with other and how to handle their feeling in acceptable ways.

Front 41

Natural consequences

Back 41

*children suffer from the actual result of their action.
*example: a child loses his new jacket, parents do not replace the jacket, he must wear the old one.

Front 42

Time out

Back 42

*a short period of time in which the child sits away from other people and the center of activitiy

Front 43

Praise

Back 43

*positive reinforcement
*,encourage a particular behavior.
*be specific, recognize small steps, help children take pride in their actions,

Front 44

Signs of pregnancy

Back 44

1. a missed mestrual period
2. a full feeling or mild ache in the lower abdomen
3. urgent need to urinate
4. swollen breasts
5. nausea/vomiting

Front 45

Diet during pregnancy

Back 45

*single most important requirement during pregnancy
*baby's growth and development is crucial, includes the brain development

Front 46

Rh factor

Back 46

*a protein in the blood
*determined genetically
*very important to know if Rh positive or negative
*if the mother does not have the protein and the fetus does, the mother can build up antibodies that attack the protein in the fetus's blood.

Front 47

Gestational diabetes

Back 47

*a form of diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy.
*left untreated the baby can be heavier than is normal or healthy
*women who don't normally have diabetes develop the condition when they are pregnant.

Front 48

Glucose testing

Back 48

*between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy
*check for signs of gestational diabetes
*women take a glucose tolerance test

Front 49

False labor

Back 49

*women begin to feel strong contractions and believe that labor may have begun.
*contractions aren't regular or rhythmic
*contractions don't become stronger over time
*contractions end with light exercise such as walking

Front 50

1 st stage of labor

Back 50

*contractions make the cervix dilate or widen.
*cervix becomes thinner, changing from 3/4" to become as a thin as paper- called "effacement"
*transition completes the 1st stage, the cervix becomes fully dilated to 10cm

Front 51

2nd stage of labor

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*crowning-the head appears at the opening of the birth canal
*head emerges

Front 52

3rd stage of labor

Back 52

*woman gives birth to the placenta, no longer needed by the baby

Front 53

Cord blood

Back 53

*the blood left behind in the umbilical cord and placenta following birth which contains stem cells.

Front 54

Cesarean birth

Back 54

*known as a c-section
*baby is delivered through a surgical incision in the mother's abdomen.
*reason for "c-section" include lack of normal proress during labor, discovering that the baby is in distress or turned in the wrong direction, multiple births.

Front 55

Premature birth

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*5 to 6% of all babies are born prematurely.
*babies who are born before 37 weeks of development and weighing less then 5 pounds, 8 ounces.

Front 56

Incubator

Back 56

*used for premature babies that require special care
*enclosed crib with oxygen supply, temperature and humidity can be closely controlled.

Front 57

Fontanels

Back 57

*found on the babies head where the bones are not yet joined.
*soft spot above the forehead and the other is toward the back of the skull.

Front 58

Apgar scale

Back 58

*system of rating the physical condition of a newborn.
*5 factors are check at 1 minute and again at 5 minutes after birth.

Front 59

Langugo

Back 59

*fine, downy hair growing on their foreheads, backs, and shoulders
*hair disappears quickly

Front 60

Jaundice

Back 60

*a condition that occurs in a 50% of newborns that causes the baby's skin and eyes to turn yellow.
*occurs when the liver can't remove bilirubin, a substance produced by the breakdown of red blood cells.

Front 61

What does simple to complex mean?

Back 61

* babies first develop their large muscle groups, such as legs, neck, arms and torso.
*As they strengthen and gain control over muscles, they being with controlling complex task, begins with controlling the head, rolling, reaching, crawling and continues through walking

Front 62

What does it mean to triple your weight?

Back 62

*weight gain is one of the best signs of good health.
*in the first 6months a healthy baby gains 1-2 pounds per month.
*babies usually triple their birth weight by the end of the 1st year.

Front 63

Reflexes

Back 63

*instinctive, automatic responses such as grasping or sucking.

Front 64

Rooting reflex

Back 64

*happens when a baby's check is stroked.

Front 65

Sucking reflex

Back 65

*stimulated when something is put in a baby's mouth.

Front 66

Teething

Back 66

*refers to the process of the teeth pushing their way through the gums.

Front 67

Symptoms of teething

Back 67

*cranky, fuss during meals, drool a lot, develop a low grade fever, and want to chew on something hard.

Front 68

Failure to thrive

Back 68

* a condition in which babies fail to grow and develop properly.
*infants who are left alone most of the time, except for basic physical care, may fail to respond to people and object.

Front 69

Temperament trail

Back 69

*temperament is a person's unique nature, determined how a baby reacts to others and to the world.

Front 70

Stranger anxiety

Back 70

*a fear of unfamiliar people, usually expressed by crying.

Front 71

When can infants generally tell the difference between family member?

Back 71

*4-6 months

Front 72

Brain parts

Back 72

1. cerebrum
2. thalamus
3. cerebullum
4. spinal cord
5. brain stem
6. pituitary gland
7.cerebrum

Front 73

When can infants generally tell the difference between family member?

Back 73

*4-6 months

Front 74

Cerebrum

Back 74

*receives information from the senses and directs motor activities. Control such functions as speech, memory, and problem solving

Front 75

Brain parts

Back 75

1. cerebrum
2. thalamus
3. cerebullum
4. spinal cord
5. brain stem
6. pituitary gland
7.cerebrum

Front 76

Thalamus

Back 76

*connects the spinal cord and cerebrum. Controls expression of emotions

Front 77

Cerebrum

Back 77

*receives information from the senses and directs motor activities. Control such functions as speech, memory, and problem solving

Front 78

Cerebellum

Back 78

*controls muscular coordination, balance, and posture.

Front 79

Thalamus

Back 79

*connects the spinal cord and cerebrum. Controls expression of emotions

Front 80

Cerebellum

Back 80

*controls muscular coordination, balance, and posture.

Front 81

Spinal Cord

Back 81

*transmits inforamtion from the body to the brain and from the brain to the body. It coordinates the activities of the left and right sides of the body and controls simple reflexes that do not involve the brain.

Front 82

Brain Stem

Back 82

*Controls involuntary activities such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

Front 83

Pituitary Gland

Back 83

*secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and sexual development.

Front 84

Cerebrum

Back 84

*receives information from the senses and directs motor activities. Controls such functions as speech, memory and problem solving.
*most activities occur in the out layer, "cortex"

Front 85

Myelin

Back 85

*axons are coated with a waxy, protein based substance.

Front 86

Sensorimotor Period

Back 86

*from birth to about 2 age, is Piaget's first stage of learning.

Front 87

Perception

Back 87

*improves as experiences are repeated
*a baby's brain is fed by what is experienced through the sences.

Front 88

Attention span

Back 88

*the length of time a person can concentrate on a task without getting bored grows longer.

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Directed learning

Back 89

*results from being taught formally or informally

Front 90

Perception

Back 90

*the ability to learn from sensory inforamtion

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Imagination

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*fantasy or dramatic play which imitates real-lfe situations.

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reading readiness

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*learning the skills necessary for reading, including letter recognition and the understanding that letters of the alphabet combine to form words on a page.

Front 93

Children's speech

Back 93

*toddler and preschool years-childrens language abilities grow rapidly.
*

Front 94

Articulation

Back 94

*ability to use clear, distinct speech, is common until at least age 3 or 4.

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sexuality

Back 95

*refers to a person's view of himself as a male or female

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Abstinence

Back 96

avoiding sexual activity completely

Front 97

Custodial parent

Back 97

*the parent with whom a child resides after a divorce

Front 98

Non-custodial parent

Back 98

*parent who lives seperate from the children

Front 99

Deprivation

Back 99

*not having critical needs met due to an environment that does not provide what is necessary for physical, emotional, and intellectual well-being.

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Conscience

Back 100

*an inner sense of what is right and wrong that prompts good behavior and causes feelings of guilt following bad behavior.

Front 101

Positive reinforcement

Back 101

* a response that encourages a particular behavior.

Front 102

negative reinforcement

Back 102

* a response aimed at discouraging children from repeating an inappropriate or unacceptable behavior.

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Pediatrician

Back 103

* a doctor who specializes in treating children.

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Obstetriction

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*a doctor who specializes inpregnancy and childbirth.

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Preeclampsia

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*condition characterized by high blood pressure and the presence of protein in the mothers urine.

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Fixed expenses

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*payments such as rent or taxes that generally can't be changed.

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Flexible expenses

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*costs such as food, clothes and entertainment that can be reduced if necessary.

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Wearning

Back 108

*changing from drinking from the bottle or breast to a cup

Front 109

Craddle cap

Back 109

*a skin condition in infancy known for yellowish, crusty patches on the scalp.

Front 110

Diaper rash

Back 110

* a skin condition that includes patches of rough, irritated skin in the diaper area. Sometimes painful raw spots also develop.