Child And Adolescent Psych - Exam 2

Front 1

What is libido?

Back 1

the source of action and sexual desire

Front 2

What is Id?

Back 2

the part of the psyche that is primitive and instinctual

Front 3

What is Ego?

Back 3

the part of the psyche that is the source of reason and operates within the conditions and demands of the real world

Front 4

What is Superego?

Back 4

the part of the psyche that represents one's conscience, moral standards, and code of social conventions

Front 5

What is Psychosexual Development?

Back 5

Freud's stage theory of development, based on how the libido is transformed into different structures and modes of expression

Front 6

What is classical conditioning?

Back 6

Pavlov's theory of how responses to neutral stimuli become conditioned

Front 7

What is operant conditioning?

Back 7

learning based on the principle that the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

Front 8

What is positive reinforcement?

Back 8

presentation of stimuli that increase the likelihood that behavior will recur

Front 9

What is negative reinforcement?

Back 9

removal of a negative or aversive stimulus, which increases the likelihood that a behavior will recur

Front 10

What is punishment?

Back 10

application of unpleasant consequences to decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated

Front 11

What is extinction?

Back 11

reducing unwanted behavior by withholding all positive consequences

Front 12

What is shaping?

Back 12

the process of rewarding behaviors that approximate the desired behavior

Front 13

What is the ecological model?

Back 13

Bronfenbrenner's model of the different spheres of influence

Front 14

What is the microsystem?

Back 14

the inner sphere of the ecological model, which represents the immediate environment and includes influences such as physical objects, the structure of the environment, and the roles of and relationships among family members

Front 15

What is the mesosystem?

Back 15

the middle sphere of the ecological model, which encompasses the connections among settings that include the child and how these connections influence the child

Front 16

What is the exosystem?

Back 16

the part of the ecological model that represents the linkages among settings, one of which does not include the child, and how these influence development

Front 17

What is the macrosystem?

Back 17

the outermost sphere of the ecological model, which represents societal values and attitudes

Front 18

What is a case study?

Back 18

method in which the researcher collects information about aspects of a person's life

Front 19

What is a clinical interview?

Back 19

method in which the researcher asks detailed questions while interacting with the participant

Front 20

What is a survey study?

Back 20

method in which a number of people respond to a set of structured questions

Front 21

What is a naturalistic study?

Back 21

method in which researchers observe the behavior of people in their natural environments

Front 22

What is a correlational study?

Back 22

method in which researchers compare participants on two variables to determine whether the variables relate to each other

Front 23

What is an experimental study?

Back 23

method in which scientists bring people into a manipulated laboratory situation and then note the effects of the manipulation

Front 24

What are the main stages of Piaget's development theory?

Back 24

Sensorimoter - child relates to objects and people through his or her senses and motor skills

Preoperational - children begin to think in symbols but are egocentric and perceptually bound in their thinking

Concrete Operational - children begin to use logic to solve problems

Formal Operational - individuals are capable of applying logical principles to hypothetical and abstract situations

Front 25

What is the prefrontal cortex's main function?

Back 25

Complex cognitive and regulatory behaviors

Front 26

What is kwashiorkor?

Back 26

a form of protein-energy malnutrition in which only protein is deficient

Front 27

What is marasmus?

Back 27

a form of protein-energy malnutrition involving severe body wasting

Front 28

What is Anemia?

Back 28

a nutrient deficiency common among infants and toddlers

Front 29

What is functional isolation?

Back 29

increased disengagement from social and physical environments that may result form a poor environment and inadequate nutrition

Front 30

What is asthma?

Back 30

a disease that causes difficulty with breathing; most common long term childhood disease

Front 31

What type of cells are in the brain?

Back 31

Glial - cells that provide physical and functional support for neurons

Front 32

What is conservation?

Back 32

the understanding that something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes

Front 33

What is private speech?

Back 33

Vygotsky's term for speech directed toward self, used when solving problems

Front 34

What is egocentric speech?

Back 34

Piaget's term for speech directed toward self

Front 35

How do bilingual kids learn languages?

Back 35

Bilingual children receive bot mixed and unmixed language input and are able to use these input sources in combination with their cognitive and language skills to make sense of the languages

Front 36

What is preoperational thinking?

Back 36

unable to apply operations (actions internalized as symbols that can be reversed and coordinated)

Front 37

What is the theory of mind?

Back 37

the understanding of inner mental events - that people think, imagine, pretend, and wonder about the world

Front 38

What are the prosocial emotions?

Back 38

Empathy - an emotional state that matches another person's emotional state (feeling bad because someone else feels bad)

Sympathy - felling sorry or concerned for other people because of their emotional states or conditions

Front 39

What is authoritarian parenting?

Back 39

parents try to shape, control, and judge the behaviors and attitudes of their children according to rigid standards of conduct

Front 40

What is permissive parenting?

Back 40

parents make few demands on their children - they are accepting and tolerant of their children's impulses and desires

Front 41

What is authoritative parenting?

Back 41

parents encourage verbal give-and-take and share with their children the reasons behind discipline and household rules

Front 42

What is uninvolved parenting?

Back 42

parents make few demands of their children and are unresponsive or rejecting

Front 43

What is pretend play?

Back 43

children let objects or persons symbolize things or people they are not

Front 44

What is solitary play?

Back 44

play in which a child is alone, even if surrounded by other children

Front 45

What is onlooker play?

Back 45

one child watches another child or children, but does not directly participate

Front 46

What is parallel play?

Back 46

play in which tow or more children engage in the same activity at the same time and place, but each child still plays separately

Front 47

What is associative play?

Back 47

various children engage, but with different goals

Front 48

What is cooperative play?

Back 48

two or more children engage, with a common goal that requires social interaction