Child Adolescent Psychology Test 2

Front 1

Define Cognition

Back 1

The activity of knowing & process through which knowledge is acquired

Front 2

Define Genetic Epistomology

Back 2

Experimental study of the origin of knowledge

Front 3

Define Equilibrium

Back 3

Intelligence is a form of equilibrium, the process of having it is equilibration.

Front 4

Behavior (sensorimotor) scheme

Back 4

Organized patterns of behavior that are used to represent & respond to an object or experience.

Front 5

What is a symbolic scheme?

Back 5

Age 2+ - Experiences represented mentally.

Front 6

What is an operation scheme?

Back 6

Age 7+ - Internal mental activity performed to reach a logical conclusion.

Front 7

Organization

Back 7

Grouping isolated behaviors & thoughts into a higher-order system, undergoes continual refinement.

Front 8

What is adaptation?

Back 8

Process of adjusting to the demands of the environment. Assimilation and accommodation.

Front 9

What is assimilation vs accommadation?

Back 9

Assimilation is trying to fit new into the old.

Accommodation is modifying old in order to accommodate new.

Front 10

What are the 6 sub-stages of the sensorimotor stage?

Back 10

1. Simple Reflexes

2. Primary Circular Reactions

3. Secondary Circular Reactions

4. Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions

5. Tertiary Circular Reactions

6. Internalization of Schemes

Front 11

Describe the sub-stage Simple Reflexes:

Genetic Epistemology

Back 11

Basic means of coordinating sensation and action through reflexive behavior.

Front 12

Describe the sub-stage Primary Circular Reactions:

Back 12

Infants attempt to reproduce interesting or pleasurable events. (1-4 months)

Front 13

Describe the sub-stage of Secondary Circular Reactions:

Back 13

Object oriented and moving beyond the preoccupation of oneself. (4-8 months)

Front 14

Describe the sub-stage of Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions:

Back 14

Significant changes in coordination of schemes & intentionality (8-12 months)

Front 15

Describe the sub-stage of Tertiary Circular Reactions:

Back 15

Novelty and curiosity; intrigued by objects' many properties, explores new possibilities with them. (12-18 months)

Front 16

Describe the Internalization of Schemes:

Back 16

Ability to use primitive symbols; shift to mental manipulation (18-24 months)

Front 17

What is object permanence?

Back 17

Understanding that the object continues to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched. 8-24 months.

Front 18

What is an example of the Violation of Expectations?

Back 18

Toy car moves down the track, disappears behind screen and reemerges on the other side.

Impossible event : Car goes through a mouse that had been placed on the tracks.

Front 19

What are operations?

Back 19

Internalized actions that allow children to do mentally what they could only do physically before.

Front 20

What is symbolic function?

Back 20

Gains ability to represent mentally and object that isn't present. Happens age 2-4.

Front 21

What is Representational Insight?

Back 21

Knowledge that an entity can stand for something other than itself.

Front 22

What is Dual Representation?

Back 22

Ability to represent an object simultaneously as an object itself & as a representation of something else.

Front 23

What is Egocentrism?

Back 23

Inability to distinguish between ones own & another's view . (3 mountains task)

Front 24

In preoperational Stage - What is intuitive thought?

Back 24

(4-7 years)

Children are less egocentric, more proficient at classifying objects on the basis of shared perceptual abilities. They begin using primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions. Lots of "Whys".

Front 25

What is centration and who experiences it?

Back 25

Focusing attention on one characteristic to exclusion of others.

Front 26

Do preoperational children experience centration or conservation?

Back 26

Centration.

Front 27

What is Conservation?

Back 27

Objects amount stays the same regardless of changing appearance. (Tall glass / Fat glass) Decentration and reversibility.

Front 28

What is the Theory of Mind?

Back 28

Awareness of one's own mental processes & the mental processes of others.

Front 29

Discuss Theory of Mind & relation to autism.

Back 29

Deficits in social interaction and communication - repetitive behaviors and interests. Indifference towards others.

Front 30

What is the concrete operational stage?

Back 30

Children are capable of conservation. Logical reasoning replaces intuitive reasoning if applied to specific, concrete examples.

Front 31

What is Horizontal Decalage?

Back 31

Similar abilities do not appear at the same time within stage of development such as conservation abilities.

Front 32

What is seriation?

Back 32

Placing sticks in order according to length rather than grouping big sticks and little sticks together.

Front 33

What is transitivity?

Back 33

If relation holds between 1 & 2, and 2 & 3, then it holds between 1 & 3.

Front 34

What age does formal operations occur?

Back 34

11-15 years

Front 35

What is hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

Back 35

Have the ability to develop hypotheses, and find the best path to solve a problem. Use deductive and inductive reasoning.

Front 36

What is deductive reasoning?

Back 36

The ability to generate hypotheses and go from general to specific

Front 37

What is inductive reasoning?

Back 37

Like scientists, generate and systematically test hypotheses.

Front 38

What is an imaginary audience?

Back 38

Belief that others are interested in them as they are. Involves attention seeking behavior motivated by the desire to be noticed.

Front 39

Does everyone reach formal operations?

Back 39

Piaget said yes, between the ages of 15-18, but a lack of education can prevent this.

Currently believed that they do but only for interesting or important ideas for the person.

Front 40

Name three contributions from Piaget:

Back 40

Founded Cognitive Development

Described children as active, constructive thinkers.

Tried to explain & not just describe the process of development.

Front 41

Who failed to distinguish Competence from Performance?

Back 41

Piaget

Front 42

Who failed to acknowledge the importance of social and cultural influences and effects of training?

Back 42

Piaget

Front 43

Who believed that children acquire their cultures values, beliefs, and problem solving strategies?

Back 43

Vygotsky - he also believed that learning occurs through participation in an activity under guidance. Minds are shaped by cultural context in which they live.

Front 44

What did Vygotsky's 4 interrelated levels in interaction with the children's environment.

Back 44

1. Ontogenetic Development

2. Microgenetic Development

3. Phylogenetic Development

4. Sociohistorical Development

Front 45

What is Ontogenetic Development?

Back 45

Development of an individual over his/her lifetime.

Front 46

What is Microgenetic Development?

Back 46

Change over brief periods of time. Changes through semester in class, strategies used to solve diff trials in one experiment.

Front 47

What is Phylogenetic Development?

Back 47

Changes over evolutionary time. (thousands of millions of years)

Front 48

What is Sociohistorical Development?

Back 48

Changes in one's cultures (values, norms, technology)

Front 49

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

Back 49

Tasks that a child can learn after watching someone else, or with guidance. There are different levels.

Front 50

What is scaffolding?

Back 50

Changing level of support over a teaching session to fit a child's current performance level.

Front 51

What are the two examples of how different cultures view the relationships between adults and learners? (Rogoff)

Back 51

US see children and adults as segregated, children learn in schools.

Traditional societies believe that children learn from real-life observation (adults and children are together most of the day)

Front 52

What are some criticisms of Vygotsky?

Back 52

Facilitators may help too much and make child lazy.

Difficult to test.

Hasn't received as much scrutiny s Piaget.

Front 53

Who believed speech was ego centric and who believed speech was used for social communication?

Back 53

Egocentric - Piaget.

Social Communication - Vygotsky

Front 54

Who believed that language and thought develop separately and then merge?

Back 54

Vygotsky

Front 55

How did Vygotsky view education in the classroom?

Back 55

Use of scaffolding, guided participation.

Front 56

How did Piaget view education in the classroom?

Back 56

Setting of exploration and discovery.

Front 57

Who believed that cognitive development was universal across cultures?

Back 57

check

Front 58

Robert Sternberg Triarchic Theory?

Back 58

Three components:

Analytical - traditional intelligence

Creative - Experimental, new problem solved quickly, automatization.

Practical - Street smarts. Works well with others, real world application.

Front 59

Who has 9 categories of intelligence?

Back 59

Howard Gardner

Front 60

Infinite Generativity

Back 60

Produce an endless number of meaningful sentences using a finite set of words and rules.

Front 61

Define linguistic relativity hypothesis

Back 61

People may see the world differently depending on which language they speak.

Front 62

What is Phonology and what are Phonemes?

Back 62

Phonology is the sound system of a language and Phonemes are the basic unit of sound in a language. English has around 45 phonemes.

Front 63

What is morphology?

Back 63

Rules governing the formation of meaningful words from sounds. Some words are morphemes but some morphemes are not words - s, ed, ing.

Front 64

What is Syntax?

Back 64

Rules for combining words to form meaningful sentences. Structure. Grammar, object, subject, etc

Front 65

What are semantics.

Back 65

Meaning expressed in words and sentences.

Front 66

Define Pragmatics.

Back 66

Principles that underlie the effective & appropriate use of language context. Sociolinguistic: cultural & Non verbal: body, tone of voice.

Front 67

When is the pre-linguistic period?

Back 67

Before children utter their first meaningful words, (first 10-13 months).

Front 68

What is a Prosodic Feature in infant directed speech?

Back 68

Higher pitch, greater range of frequencies, and more variation and exaggeration.

Front 69

What is the simplicity feature in infant directed speech?

Back 69

Shorter utterances, slower tempo, longer pauses.

Front 70

What is the Lexical feature in infant directed speech?

Back 70

special forms of words "mama" "boo boo" etc

Front 71

What is "Recasting"?

Back 71

Turning a child's comment into a question.

Front 72

What is "Expanding"?

Back 72

Restating what a child said in a linguistically sophisticated from.

Front 73

What is turn taking?

Back 73

When an adult has a pretend conversation with a baby where the baby makes sounds when the parent is quiet.

Front 74

What is the holophase period?

Back 74

First words - 10-15 months. One word can represent an entire sentences meaning "Blankie" actually means "I want my blanket".

Front 75

What is the Referential Style?

Back 75

When words refer to objects around them. Common with 1st born and in U.S.

Front 76

What is Expressive Style?

Back 76

Greater use of pronouns and socially linked. Later born and Asian countries.

Front 77

What is "fast-mapping"?

Back 77

The ability to make a direct connection between a word and its signified after limited exposure.