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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is language? |
-the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols provides the basis for communication (spoken, written, signed) -how we think about the world and understand it |
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What are the 3 formal characteristics of language? |
1. Phonology 2. Morphemes 3. Semantics |
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What is phonology? |
1. Phonology - phonemes, phonemic awareness; pruning makes them lose this-pseudowords -typically recommended in schools |
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What are morphemes? |
2. Morphemes - smallest language unit that has meaning -free - eat (stands alone) -bound - can't stand along (past tense, plural, "anti-something") |
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What is semantics? |
-rules that govern the meaning of words and sentence |
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What is comprehension? |
-understanding of speech -receptive language; showing child pictures; "point to cat" |
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What is linguistic production? |
-use of language to communicate -expression -show pic., "what is this", child says "cat" |
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Does linguistic production or comprehension come first? |
-comprehension |
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What is prelinguistic communication? |
-communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means -practice (back and forth mock communication) |
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Throughout infancy ___________precedes theproduction of speech. |
the comprehension of speech -examples: emotional communication, gesture, imitation |
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What is babbling? |
-speechlike but meaningless sounds |
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When does babbling occur? |
-2 or 3 months - 1 years; continues until 1 year |
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What does a child sound like when babbling? |
-they repeat the vowl, changing pitch -simple to complex sounds "aaa aaa aaa" to daa daa daa" |
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Do deaf children babble too? |
-yes, with signing -not yet signing in an effective way, approx. right |
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When do first words occur for children? |
-10-14 months (sometimes 9) |
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How many vocab. words does a child have at 15 months of age? |
-10 words |
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How many vocab. words does a child have at 16-24 months of age? |
-50-400 words; not all used functionally |
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What are holophrases? |
-one-worded utterances that stand for a whole phrases; meaning depends on context -phrase "ma" = "I want to be picked up by MOM" OR "I want to eat something, MOM" |
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When dos first sentences occur? |
-18 months (2-word sentences) |
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What is telegraphic speech |
-speech in which words not critical to the message are left out -"I show book" |
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What is underextension? |
-restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language -overly restrictive -"blankie" nothing else can be called blankie |
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What is overextension? |
-overly broad use of words, over generalizing their meaning |
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Give an examples of overextension? |
-saying any object with wheels is a "car" |
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What type of growth is where children begin to develop categories and concepts |
-Cognitive growth |
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What is referential style? |
-style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects |
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What is expressive style? |
-language used primarily to express feeling and needs about oneself & others |
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How does language advance during preschool years? |
-there is an increase in length & complexity, increase in capability for convo. -blooms rapidly b/t late 2's and mid 3's |
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After how many hours does a child learn a new word per day?
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2 |
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What does syntax mean? |
-the combining of words & phrases to form sentences -doubles each month |
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How many vocab words does a 6 year old have? |
-14, 000 words |
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What does fast mapping mean? |
-new words are associated w/ their meaning only after a brief encounter -Age 3 - preschoolers use plural & possessive forms of nouns |
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What is grammar? |
-system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed |
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What percentage are young preschoolers correct w/ grammar? |
-90% -increased accuracy of grammar (wug test) |
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What is private speech? |
-children speaking directly to themselves |
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What did Vygotsky believe about private speech? |
-That is was used to guide to behavior & thought -important functions |
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What are pragmatics? |
-the aspect of language relating to communicating effectively and appropriately w/ others -helps them understand converstaions |
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What is an example of pragmatics? |
-receive a gift and then say "thank you" |
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what is social speech? |
-directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person |
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Why was Piaget's preoperational period partically incorrect? |
-Because preschoolers take other into account more than he said; turntaking |
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How many words to children have b/t 9-11 years of age? |
-over 19,000 words |
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What is metalinguistic awareness? |
-children's increasing understanding of their own use of language |
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At what age do they understand that language is governed by rules? |
-5-6 years -reciprocity in communication improves |
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What does an increase in metalinguistic skills during middle childhood do? |
-Allows children to enter into the give-and-take of conversation sucessfully |
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Language promotes self-control - What was the marshmallow experiment |
-if the children wait, they got 2 instead of 1 -age 4-8 chose to wait -6-8 used language to help them overcome temptation -"self-talk" |
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What is the learning theory approach |
-language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning discussed in earlier chapters
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What is an example of the learning theory approach? |
-child says "da" - dad is happy b/c he thinks she is saying Dad; child will repeat b/c of the praise |
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What is the nativist theory? |
-language is the innate/biologically preprogrammed |
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Who is Noam Chomsky? |
-believed the development of language is produced by a genetically determined process |
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what is the nativist approach? |
-Theory that genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development |
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What is universal grammar? |
-Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure
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What is a language-acquisition device (LAD) |
-a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language -mechanism hard-wired in our brains |
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What is an example of LAD? |
-non-verbal communication - Jeannie |
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What is the interactionist perspective? |
-suggests that language development is produced through a combo. of genetically determined predispositions & environmental circumstances that help teach languages -b/t nature & nurture leading theory |
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Social factors |
key to development |
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How are language and thought related? |
-Piaget said cognition came first |
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Who was Benjamin Lee Whorf? |
A linguist of 1900's -Eskimos and snow; 400 snow-related words; English, not as many |
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What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis? |
-theory stating language shapes and may determine the way people of particular culture perceive and understand the world -thought relative to linguistics |
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What is the opposite of the linguistic relativity hypothesis? |
-language could be the result of thinking about the world in a way instead of it being the cause -advances in the sophistication of thinking permit language development |
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What are the 3 views about the relationship b/t language & thought? |
1. language shapes thought 2. thought shapes language 3. thought & language influence one another |
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Do most develop mentalists agree that language & thought are interdependent? |
Yes |
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What is infant-directed speech? |
-a type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by simple sentences |
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What is motherese? |
-What infant-directed speech was called -short sentences, high pitch, range of frequencies, intonation varied, word repition, slow pace -varies across languages -sounds that aren't words |
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Why is talking to children important? |
-reading & asking questions -encouraging older children to read on their own helps; esp. important for laguage delay |
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What is the developmental diversity box |
IDK |
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Why do adults speak differently w/ boys & girls? |
-parents are generally less harsh on girls -women - use more hege statements; difficult to tease apart laguage exposure from societal expectations |
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What did Jean Berko Gleason (developmental psy. find? |
-found 32 months - girls hear x2 as many diminutives as boys -kitty, dolly |
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What is bilingualism? |
-The use of more than one language |
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What are the benefits of bilingual education? |
-more flexible, creative, and versable |
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What are the cognitive advances to being bilingual? |
1. more cognitive flexibility 2. greater metalinguistic awareness 3. may improve IQ scores |
