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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Earth’s grid
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grid of N-S and E-W lines that form the basis for locating points on earth
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Lines of Lattitude
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distances North or South of the equator = parallels of lattitude
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Equator
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0 degrees – circle around the middle of the earth
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Longitude
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distance east or west of prime meridian – meridians of longitude
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North pole & south pole
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only two points of lattitude - located at 90 degrees north and south of equator
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Prime meridian
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line that extends from N. Pole to S. Pole through England (near London) this is the internationally accepted reference point
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Location
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point of latitude and longitude that identifys a place on earth
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Latitude & Longitude
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latitude is the number of degrees north or south of the equator. Longitude is the number of degrees from the prime meridian
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Location based on North Star
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number of degrees that north star is above horizon represents number of degrees of latitude at your location
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Problem with North star for referencing location
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if you are south of the equator you cannot see it
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What system has replaced use of north star for navigation
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First a compass and a watch, then GPS
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Standard Time
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24 hours. prime meridian is zero point for time. Moving one meridian to the east increases time by one hour. Moving one meridian to the west decreases time by one hour
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Solar Time
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used to determine the 24 sections of standard time
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Sun Time
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Position of sun in sky at a location tells you what time it is - – it is noon at a location if the sun is directly overhead.
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Zenith
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maximum point at which the sun is directly overhead – tropic of cancer and Capricorn are two points that represent the maximum latitude you can go to and experience the sun at zenith
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Great Circle
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anything that divides the globe in half – any set of meridians or the equator
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Small circles
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any circle that does not divide the earth into 2 hemispheres of equal size – lines of latitude (besides the equator)
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How to determine degrees between two places
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measure the distance between two places and then set the measurement along the equator to get the degrees
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Degree in Miles or km
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69 miles or 111 km
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Determining distance along a parallel
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measure the distance between two places and then set the measurement along the equator to get the degrees then multiply it by number of miles or km
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Stereogram
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areal stereo photos that use 3D images from overlapping images to show shape of mountains. Doesn’t show accurately the changes in height or elevation
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What is a Point of reference
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how far above sea level a map is
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Fractional scale
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The fractional method for portraying the scale of a map uses a representative fraction to describe the ration between the map, and the real world. This can be shown as 1:50,000 or 1/50,000
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Graphic Scale
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depicts scale using a line, with separations marked by smaller intersecting lines, similar to a ruler. One side of the scale represents the distance on the map, while the other side represents the true distances of objects in real life
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Public Land Survey System (PLS)
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system used for mapping townships
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Principle Meridian
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main meridian of longitude the PLS grid system is based on
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Townships
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Largest order of magnitude on PLS Grid system
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Ranges
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Second Largest order of magnitude on PLS Grid system
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Congressional township
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smallest order of magnitude on PLS Grid system
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Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
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grid system that gives a more accurate location. Lattitude Lines are A-Z, longitude lines are 1-60. They are 8 degrees apart
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
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is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to FOUR or more GPS satellites.
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Bench marks
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actual mark/disc containing elevation data of a location
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Contour Lines
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Lines marking changes in elevation on a map
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Index contour lines
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darker than other lines
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Contour interval -
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the interval that each contour line represents
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Relief and Maximum Relief
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relief is distance above sea level and maximum relief is highest distance
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Guide lines
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contour lines that are numbered
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Topographic profile
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topographical crossectional profile of one line across a map
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Relative dating
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process of placing geologic events in sequential order
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Law of superposition
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states that the oldest rock is always at the bottom and the youngest is at the top
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Principle of original horizontality
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when sediments are deposited they tend to form nearly horizontal layers
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Principle of inclusions
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rock fragments found within different igneous or sedimentary rocks that are older than the rocks in which they are contained
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Principle of cross-cutting
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when a fault or intrusive igneous rock cuts through an existing rock unit, it is younger than the rock unit
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Unconformities
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breaks in the rock record
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Angular unconformity
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younger, horizontal sedimentary rocks over older tilted sedimentary rocks
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Disconformity
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younger, horizontal sedimentary rocks over older horizontal sedimentary rocks
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Nonconformity
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- younger horizontal sedimentary rocks over older igneous or metamorphic rocks
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Fossils
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the remains or traces of prehistoric life
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Petrification
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the small internal cavities and pores of an original organism that are filled with precipitated mineral matter
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Cast
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the space once occupied by a dissolved shell or other structure and subsequently filled with mineral matter.
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Carbonization
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preservation that occurs when fine sediment encases delicate plant or animal forms and leaves a residue of carbon
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Impression
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– a replica of an organism, such as a leaf, left in fine-grained sedimentary rock
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Amber
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hardened resin of ancient trees that preserved delicate organisms such as insects.
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Fossil succession
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– principle in which fossil organisms succeed each other in a definite and determinable order. Can be used to date when sedimentary rock formed
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Radiometric Dating
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the use of radioactive isotopes decay to determine an absolute age
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Parent –
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– the unstable, radioactive isotope that decays
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Daughter
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the stable isotope that results from the decay of the parent
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Half-life
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the amount of time it takes for half of the parent material to turn into its daughter product.
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Eon
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largest division of geologic time
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Era
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– period of time marked by distinctive characteristics (splits up eons)
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Period
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period of time marked by an occurence
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Epoch
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a division of geologic time less than a period and greater than an age
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Precambrian
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super-eon of time prior to known life/evidence of life
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Phanerezoic
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current eon of time/life scale
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Archenon/Archean Eon
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portion of Precambrian when oxygen started to develop via photosynthesis from single celled plants
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Holocene Epoch
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Epoch in which mankind/present era occurs
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Quarternary Period
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when first humans started to evolve
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