Chest X Rays

Front 1

What are causes of pulmonary oedema?

Back 1

• Increased pulmonary capillary pressure – heart failure, myocardial
ischaemia
• Volume overload – renal failure with oliguria
• Altered alveolar-capillary membrane permeability – e.g. acute
respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in sepsis
• Low albumin states
• Lymphatic insufficiency – e.g. post lung transplant
• Narcotics, altitude, neurogenic

Front 2

What are causes for exudate in pleural effusion?

Back 2

TB
Malignancy
Pulmonary infarction
Lupus
Rheumatoid disease
Acute pancreatitis

Front 3

What are causes for transudate for pleural effusion?

Back 3

Heart failure

Hyperproteinaemia

Front 4

What are common causes of cavitation?

Back 4

• Tumour
• Abscess (e.g. IVDU, endocarditis)
• Infarct
• Pneumonia (Staphylococcus, Klebsiells)
• Wegener’s granulomatosis

Front 5

What is the risk of TB progressing from primary?

Back 5

10%

Front 6

What are risk factors for TB?

Back 6

Young and elderly
Overcrowding
High prevalence countries
Immunmosuppression, malignancy
Type 1 diabetes
Chronic renal failure
Silicosis
GI disease with malnutrition e.g. gastrectomy

Front 7

What are causes for thoracic aortic aneurysm?

Back 7

• Atherosclerosis
• Inflammatory – RA, arteritis (e.g. Takayasu), syphilis
• Cystic medical necrosis – Marfan’s, Ehlers-Danlos

Front 8

What are features for thoracic aortic aneurysm?

Back 8

• Chest pain related to expansion
• Aortic valve regurgitation
• Compression of trachea, bronchus or SVC
• Erosion with haemorrhage and tamponade

Front 9

What are common causes for solitary pulmonary nodules? 20-30% cancers

If unchanged for >2yrs -> benign

Back 9

Bronchial carcinoma
metastasis
pneumonia, abscess
tuberculoma
infarct

Front 10

What are causes for unilateral hilar enlargement?

Back 10

• TB
• Bronchial carcinoma
• Lymphoma

Front 11

What are causes for bilateral hilar enlargement?

Back 11

• Sarcodosis
• Lymphoma
• TB
• Silicosis