Chest

Front 1

dyspnea

Back 1

Difficult and labored breathing with shortness of breath.

Front 2

bradypnea

Back 2

Slow breathing. Less than 12 breaths per minute (neurologic or electrolyte disturbance, infection)

Front 3

tachypnea

Back 3

Fast breathing. Greater than 20 breaths per minute (splinting from pain of broken rib, pleurisy)

Front 4

hypopnea

Back 4

Abnormally shallow respirations (pleuritic pain)

Front 5

apnea

Back 5

Absence of breathing (cardiac arrest)

Front 6

air trapping

Back 6

Increasing difficulty in getting breath out. Difficulty inspired air has overcoming resistance and getting out of the lung due to obstruction of the pulmonary tree. Trapping is the result of prolonged and inefficient expiratory effort.

Front 7

ataxic

Back 7

Significant disorganization with irregular and varying depths of respiration.- all over the place

Front 8

Irregular breathing, varying in depth with long periods of apnea. Lacks repetitive pattern of periodic respiration (increased intracranial pressure, drugs, brain damage)

Back 8

biots

Front 9

cheryne stokes

Back 9

Periodic breathing. Irregular breathing with intervals of apnea followed by a crescendo/decrescendo sequence of respiration (drugs, CHF, brain damage, children and adults during sleep). never good

Front 10

Rapid, deep labored breathing. Seen in metabolic acidosis- multiple deep breaths

Back 10

Kussmaul's:

Front 11

spoken words create vibrations that can be heard when listening to chest and lungs

Back 11

Vocal fremitus

Front 12

symmetrical vibrations felt when patient is speaking.

Back 12

tactile fremitus

Front 13

Form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Irreversible obstructive lung disease characterized by partial or complete destruction of the alveolar sacs resulting in air-trapping and poor oxygen exchange. Dyspnea is common, even at rest. Cough and sputum production are not common. Patient often thin and barrel-chested.

Back 13

emphysema

Front 14

Inflammatory response of bronchioles and alveolar space to infection (bacterial, fungal, viral). Exudates lead to lung consolidation, dyspnea, tachypnea, and crackles. Decreased breath sounds and dullness to percussion over area of consolidation.

Back 14

pneumonia

Front 15

Form of COPD. Irreversible, obstructive lung disease. Most common cause is smoking. Characterized by excess mucus and cough. Chronic inflammation of bronchus and recurrent bacterial infections are common. Cough and sputum production are present for most days of the week and for several months.

Back 15

chronic bronchitis?

Front 16

90% of PE originate as deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities from surgery, medical illness, immobility, hypercoagulable states. Patient is tachypneic and tachycardic but exam may be normal. This is medical emergency and must rely on index of suspicion.

Back 16

pul. embolism

Front 17

The presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity. May occur spontaneously or result from trauma. Patient is often tachypneic and tachycardic. There may be diminished or absent breath sounds, hyperresonnance on percussion and absent fremitus. If traumatic, the trachea may be shifted to the opposite side. A medical emergency

Back 17

pneumothorax

Front 18

Excess non-purulent fluid in pleural space. Causes include infection, cancer, trauma. Can ultimately lead to fibrosis. Patient may be tachycardic and tachypneic with dullness to percussion and diminished to absent breath sounds. Diminished fremitus. Presence of bronchophony, whispered pectoriloquy, egophony in area superior to effusion.

Back 18

pleural effusion

Front 19

Incomplete expansion of the lung at birth or collapse of the lung at any age. Causes include external compression (tumors, exudates), or resorption of gas from inside alveoli (surgery, plugging exudates, foreign body). Affected area of lung is airless. Patient is tachypneic with decreased fremitus, dullness to percussion and absent breath sounds over the affected area.

Back 19

atelectasis

Front 20

empyema

Back 20

pus in pleural cavity due to pneumonia

Front 21

hemothorax?

Back 21

blood in pleural cavity secondary to trauma

Front 22

chylothorax

Back 22

lymph in pleural cavity

Front 23

Multi-organ system failure from severe systemic and pulmonary insults. Causes include shock, sepsis, burns, trauma, DIC, fat or amniotic fluid embolism, head injury, drugs. Variable severity of dyspnea with respiratory distress. Thought to be caused by damage to capillary endothelial cells and alveolar epithelial cells from activation of many humoral and cellular events. Death common.

Back 23

adult respiratory distress syndrome

Front 24

mediastinal crunch (hamman's)

Back 24

easiest heard when pt is lying down on left of leans to left

Front 25

barrel chest/inc AP diameter?

Back 25

asthma, COPD

Front 26

flail chest?

Back 26

chest wall moves paradoxically inward during inspiration-multiple rib fractures

Front 27

Kyphoscoliosis-spinal deformity

Back 27

abnormal AP diameter; lateral curvature of spine -->severe restriction of chest and lung expansion

Front 28

Pectus excavatum

Back 28

funnel chest; depression of sternum --> restrictive lung problem if severe.

Front 29

Pectus carinatum

Back 29

pigeon breast; anterior protrusion of sternum.
Does not compromise ventilation.

Front 30

brachial/tracheal sounds

Back 30

Heard only over trachea; high pitch; loud and long expirations; sometimes a bit longer than inspiration.

Front 31

bronchovesicular sounds

Back 31

Heard over main bronchus area and over upper right posterior lung field; medium pitch; expiration equals inspiration.

Front 32

amphoric sounds

Back 32

Breathing that resembles noise made by blowing across the mouth of a bottle. Most often heard with a large, stiff-walled pulmonary cavity or a tension pneumothorax with bronchopleural fistula.

Front 33

cavernous sounds

Back 33

Sounds like it is coming from a cavern. Heard over a pulmonary cavity in which the wall is rigid.