Chemotherapy Of Bacterial And Fungal Infections

Front 1

Chemotherapeutic agent

Back 1

Used in relatively low doses

Front 2

Antibiotic

Back 2

synthetic or natural

Front 3

Antibiotics affecting Cell Wall

Back 3

vancomycin, bacitracin, penicillins, cephalosporins

Front 4

antibiotics affecting cell membrane

Back 4

polymyxin, nystatin, amphoteracin B, imidazole

Front 5

Antimetabolites

Back 5

sulfa drugs, trimethoprim, 5-Fluorocytosine

Front 6

Antibiotics affecting nucleic acid

Back 6

Rifampin, Fluoroquinalones

Front 7

Antibiotics affecting protein synthesis

Back 7

Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin

Front 8

Prophylaxis of infection w/ antibiotics

Back 8

1) Usually doesn't work
2) accounts for a large portion of misuse
3) Possible examples where prophylaxis works: rucurrent UTIs, some surgeries.

Front 9

FDA ban of Baytril

Back 9

1) caused emergence of resistant bacteria (Campy)-- food poisoning in people
2) first vet drug to be banned because it leads to the emergence of resistant bacteria

Front 10

Biochemical Mechanisms of Resistance

Back 10

1)Metabolism to an inactive chemical
2) change in the target site
3) reduction in cellular transport
4) Enhanced efflux
5) Increased level of a competitive antagonist

Front 11

Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics

Back 11

1) Inherent resistance-- general pattern is predictable
2) Acquired resistance-- adaptation ot the toxicity of antibiotics

Front 12

Genetic basis of acquired resistance

Back 12

1) spontaneous mutations
2) acquisition of resistance by the transfer of genetic information-- conjugation, transduction, transformation (ability of microboes to take up DNA from environment and incorperate into genome or plasmid)
3) Note: antibiotics are not mutagen

Front 13

Host determinants of response to antibiotics

Back 13

1) status of the immune system
2) age
3) hepatic/renal disorders
4) Effects of local environment (ph, pus, low O2; barrier to distribution: inflammation, debris, fibrous tissue)

Front 14

Evaluating the response of antimicrobials

Back 14

1) evidence of improvement: 48-72 hrs
2)Therapeutic failure-- enhancing antimicrobial efficacy: start early, proper dose and duration, sensitivity testing

Front 15

Synthesis of bacterial cell wall

Back 15

1) synthesis of basic building blocks
2) PTG formation
3) linking and crosslinking of PTG units