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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are compounds bonded? |
Chemically |
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What is an isotope? |
Different atomic form of the same element Same number of protons Different number of neutrons |
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What is ionic bonding? |
Transferring electrons |
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What structure do ionic compounds have? |
Regular lattice |
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What are the properties of ionic compounds? |
High melting points High boiling points Ions move freely when melted Dissolve easily Carry electric current |
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Which groups are most likely to form ions? |
1&2 6&7 |
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what are group 1 and 2 elements and what do they do in ionic bonding? |
Metals Lose electrons Positive ions |
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What are group 6 and 7 elements? And what do they do in ionic bonding? |
Non metals Gain electrons Form negative ions |
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What is the overall charge of any compound? |
Zero |
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What is covelant bonding? |
Sharing electrons |
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What are substances with covelant bonds called? |
Simple molecules Giant structures |
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What are the properties of simple molecule substances? |
Intermolecular forces Low boiling and melting points Easily broken Dont conduct electricity No ions |
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What are the properties of giant covalent structures |
Macromolecules No charged ions Strong covalent bonds High melting and boiling points Dont conduct electricity |
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What are the main examples of macromolecules? |
Diamond Graphite |
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What are the properties of diamond? |
Four bonds for wach carbon atom Rigid Hard Strong covelant bonds High melting point |
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What are the properties of graphite? |
Three covelant bonds for each atom Layers that slide over each other Weak intermolecular forces Delocalised electrons |
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What are the properties of metal? |
Giant structure Metallic bond Free electrons Electrons hold atoms together Layers slide |
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Why are alloys harder than pure metals? |
New metal atoms distort the layers of metal atoms |
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What size are nanoparticles? |
Very very small |
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What do nanoparticles include? |
Fullerenes |
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What are the shape of fullerenes? |
Hollow balls or closed tubes Hexagonal rings |
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What can fullerenes be joined together to make? |
Nanotubes (tiny hollow carbon tubes) |
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What are the uses of nanoparticles? |
Catalyst - huge surface area Sensors - detect one type of molecule Deodorant - dont leave white marks |
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How does nanomedocine work? |
> tiny fullerenes are absorbed > deliver drugs right into the cells |
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What are the properties of a thermosoftening polymers? |
Tangled chains Weak intermolecular forces Slide over each other Easy to melt Remould |
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What are the properties of a thermosetting polymer? |
Strong intermolecular Cross links Solid structure Dont soften when heated Hard Rigid |
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What are the two types of polythene? |
Low density polythene (LD) High density polythene (HD) |
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How is low density polythene made? |
Heating ethene to 200 degrees Under high pressure |
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How is high density polythene made? |
Lower temperature Pressure With catalyst |
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How do you calculate relative atomic mass? |
Add up all the relative atomic masses |
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How do you calculate percentage yeild? |
Actual yield ÷ predicted yield × 100 |
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How are artificial colours seperated? |
Paper chromotography |
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How can you identify substances? |
Gas chromatography |
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What does the rate of reaction depend on? |
Temperature Concentration Catalyst Surface area |
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What is the calculation for measuring the rate of reaction? |
Amount of reactant or product formed ÷ time |
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What are the three ways to test rate of reaction? |
Percipitation Change in mass Volume of gas given off |
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What experiments are used to test rate of reaction? |
Hydrochloric acid + marble chips Magnesium metal + dilute Hydro chloric acid |
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What do sodium thiosulfate and HCl produce? |
Cloudy percipitate |
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What do more collisions increase? |
The rate of reaction |
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How can you increase collisions? |
Increase temperature Increase concentration Larger surface area |
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What causes faster collisions? |
Increasing temperature |
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Why does increasing temperature create faster collisons? |
Particles gain energy Move more More frequent collisions |
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What do catalysts do? |
Speed up reactions |
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What is an exothermic reaction? |
Heat is given out |
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What is an endothermic reaction? |
Heat is taken in |
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What numbers do the pH scale go to? |
0 to 14 |
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What number and colour is neutral? |
7 Green |
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What is the reaction between acid and bases called? |
Neutralisation |
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What is the equation for neutralisation? |
Acid + base ---> salt + water |
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What are the state symbols? |
s - solid l - liquid g - gas aq - dissolved in water |
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What do metals produce when reacting with acids? |
Salts |
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What is the equation for metals reacting with salts? |
Acid + metal ---> salt + hydrogen |
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What does hydrochloric acid always produce? |
Chloride salts |
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What does sulphuric acid always produce? |
Sulfate salts |
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What does nitric acid produce when neutralised? |
Nitrate salts |
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What are metal oxides and metal hydroxides examples of? |
Bases |
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What does electrolysis mean? |
Splitting up with electricity |
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What is an electrolyte? |
A liquid to conduct electricity |
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What do electrolytes contain? |
Free ions |
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What do electrolysis reactions involve? |
Oxidation and reduction |
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What is reduction? |
A gain of electrons |
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What is oxidation? |
The loss of electrons |
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What are positive ions attracted to? |
Negative electrodes They gain electrons Reduction |
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What are negative ions attracted to? |
Positive electrodes Lose electrons Oxidation |
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What happens at the negative electrode? |
Two hydrogen ions accept two electrons to become one hydrogen molecules |
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What happens at the positive electrode? |
Two chloride ions lose their electrons and become one chlorine molecule |
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What are the uses of chlorine? |
Bleach Plastics |
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What process is used to remove aluminium from its ore? |
Electrolysis |
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What is used to lower the temperature of aluminium? |
Cryolite |
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How does cryolite lower the temperature of aluminium? |
Aluminium oxide is dissolved in molten cryolite Brings the temperature down |
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What does electroplating use electrolysis for? |
To coat the surface of one metal with another |
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What are the uses of electroplating? |
Decoration Conduction |
