Chemistry - Wilbraham Et Al. (1St Semester)

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colloid

Back 1

a mixture whose particles are intermediate in size between those of a suspension and a solution

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combustion reaction

Back 2

a chemical change in which an element or compound reacts with oxygen, often producing energy in the form of heat and light

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compound

Back 3

a stubstance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion

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filtration

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a process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture

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solubility

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the amount of sustance tht dissolves in a given quantity of solvent at specified conditions of temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution

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suspension

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a mixture from which some of the particles settle out slowly upon standing

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Tyndall Effect

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scattering of light by particles in a colloid or suspension , which causes a beam of light to become visible

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acid

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a compound that produces hydrogen ions in solution

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alkane

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a hydrocarbon containing only single covalent bonds; alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons

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hydrocarbon

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an organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen

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saturated compound

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an organic compound in which all carbon atoms are joined by single covalent bonds; it contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom

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ionic compound

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a compound composed of positive and negative ions; crystalline solids with high melting points

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monatomic

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consisting of single atoms

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covalent compound

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a compound formed when electrons are shared between atoms; HCl and water are examples of covalent compounds

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inorganic chemistry

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the study of substances that, in general, do not contain carbon

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organic chemistry

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the study of compounds containing carbon

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ionic covalent bond
(molecular compound)

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a compound that is composed of molecules

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molecule

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a neutral group of atoms joined together by covalent bonds

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ion/ionic

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an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge

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ionic bond

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the electrostatic attraction that binds oppositely charged ions together

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monatomic ion

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a single atom with a positive or negative charge resulting from the loss or gain of one or more valence electrons

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polyatomic ion

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a tightly bound group of atoms that behaves as a unit and has a positive or negative charge

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activity series

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a list of elements in decreasing order of activity; the activity series of halogens is Fl, Cl, Br, I

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catalyst

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a substance that increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation-energy barrier; the catalyst is not used up in the reaction

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chemical formula

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an expression that indicates the number and type of atoms present in the smallest representative unit of a substance (for example, H2O)

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chemistry

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the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes

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chemical equation

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an expression representing a chemical reaction; the formulas of the reactants (on the left) are connected by an arrow with the formulas for the products (on the right)

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binary compound

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a compound composed of two elements (for example, NaCl)

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electrolysis

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a process in which electrical energy is used to bring about a chemical change; the electroysis of water produces hydrogen and water

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ionization energy

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the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in its gaseous state

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percent yield

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the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield for a chemical reaction expressed as a percentage; a measure of the efficiency of the reaction

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yield

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the output of a reaction (usually in terms of moles or grams of specific products)

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precipitate

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a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture (for example, yogurt from milk)

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synthesis reaction
(or combination reaction)

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a chemical change in which two or more substanes react to form a single new substance

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mole ratio

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a conversion factor derived from the coefficients of a balanced chemical equation interpreted in terms of moles (12.2)

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percent composition

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the percent by mass of each element in a compound

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alpha particle

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a positively charged particle emitted from certain radioactive nuclei; it consists of two protons and two neutrons and is identical to the nucleus of a helium atom

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anion

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any atom or group of atoms with a negative charge

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Niels Bohr

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A young Danish physicist who proposed that electrons are found only in speicific circular paths, or orbits, around the nucleus; the higher the energy, the farther an electron is from the nucleus

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cation

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any atom or group of atoms with a positive charge

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electron configuration

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the arrangement of electrons of an atom in its ground state into various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms

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ground state

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the lowest possible energy of an atom described by quantum mechanics

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quantum

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the amount of energy needed to move an electron from one energy level to another

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quantum mechanics

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the modern description or modeling, primarily through mathematics, of the behavior of electrons in atoms (Schrodinger)

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energy

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the capacity for doing work or producing heat

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energy level

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the specific energies an electron in an atom or other system can have (5.1)

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excited state

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opposite of ground state?

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isotopes

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atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses due to a different number of neutrons

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nucleus

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the tiny, dense central portion of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons

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proton

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a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

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neutron

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a subatomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1 amu; found in the nucleus of an atom

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valence electron

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an electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom (7.1)

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electronegativity

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the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound

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group

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a vertical column of elements in the periodic table; the constituent elements of a group have similar chemical and physical properties

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halogen

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a nonmetal in group 7A of the periodic table (6.2)

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metal

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one of a class of elements that are good conductors of heat and electric current; metals tend to be ductile, malleable, and shiny

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noble gas

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an element in Group 8A of the periodic table; the s and p sublevels of the highest occupied energy level are filled.

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oxidation number

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a positive or negative number assigned to an atom to indicate its degree of oxidation or reduction; the oxidation number of an uncombined element is zero

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oxidation

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a process thatinvolves complete or partial loss of electrons or a gain of oxygen; it results in an increase in the oxidation number of an atom

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reduction

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a process tht involves a complete or partial gain of electrons or the loss of oxygen; it results in a decrease in the oxidation number of an atom

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periodic law

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when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties

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transition metal

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one of the Group B elements in which the highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel generally contain electrons (6.2)