Chemistry Vocab For Exam 3

Front 1

reaction intermediates

Back 1

a reaction may have several steps involved in the formation and decay transient chemical species

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monosaccharides

Back 2

simple sugars that are either aldehydes or ketones with 2 or more hydroxyl groups

Front 3

epimers

Back 3

2 sugars that differ in configuration around one carbon atom

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mutarotation

Back 4

the interconversion of the alph and beta anomers

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anomers

Back 5

isomeric forms of monosaccharides that differ only in the configuration about the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon

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anomeric carbon

Back 6

the hemiacetal or carbonyl carbon

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reducing sugars

Back 7

sugars capable of reducing ferric or cupric ion

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reducing end

Back 8

the end of a chain with a free anomeric carbon

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disaccharide

Back 9

a carbohydrate consisting of two convalently joined monosaccharide units or residues

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oligosaccharides

Back 10

short chains of several monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

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polysaccharide or glycan

Back 11

a linear or branched polymer of monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds

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homopolysaccharides

Back 12

contain a single type of monomer

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heteropolysaccharides

Back 13

contain 2 or more different monomers

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catabolism

Back 14

the phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-yielding degradation of nutrient molecules

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anabolism

Back 15

interediary metabolism involving the energy-requiring biosynthesis of cell components fro smaller precursor molecules

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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Back 16

is the major connecting link, the shared intermediate, between the catabolic and anabolic components of this network

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glycolysis

Back 17

the catabolic pathway by which a molecule of glucose (a hexose)is broken down into 2 molecules of the 3-Carbon compound, pyruvate

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hexose

Back 18

a simple sugar with a backbone containing 6 carbons

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pentose

Back 19

a simple sugar with a backbone containing 5 carbons

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glucokinase

Back 20

hepatocytes(liver) contain a form of hexokinase called hexokinase D; differs in kinetic and regulatory properties

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substrate level phosphorylation

Back 21

involves soluble enzymes and chemical intermediates

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mutase

Back 22

enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a functional group from one position to another in the same molecule

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isomerases

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enzymes that interconvert steroisomers or structural or positonal isomers

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fermentation

Back 24

the general term for the anaerobic degradation of glucose or other organic compounds to obtain energy

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anaerobic

Back 25

occuring in the absence of air or oxygen

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aerobic

Back 26

requiring or occuring in the presence of air or oxygen

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hypoxia

Back 27

the metabolic condition in which the supply of oxygen is severely limited, such as vigorously contracting skeletal muscle

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describe the outer membrane of a mitochondria

Back 28

can be penetrated by small molecules and ions

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describe the inner membrane of a mitochondria

Back 29

cannot be penetrated by most small molecules and ions esp. H+

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free energy

Back 30

amount of energy available to do work in a chemical reaction

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exergonic

Back 31

release of energy and is negative

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endergonic

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gain of energy and is positive

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respiration linked phosphorylation

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involves membrane bound enzymes and transmembrane gradients of protons

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gluconeogenesis

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the biosynthesis of a carbohydrate (glucose) from simpler, non-carbohydrate precursors such as pyruvate

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cofactor

Back 35

an inorganic ion or a coenzyme required for enzymatic activity

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coenzyme

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an organic cofactor required for the action of certain enzymes; often containing a vitamin or vitamin derivative as a component

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prosthetic group

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a metal ion or an organic compound (other than a amino acid) that is covalently bound to a protein and is essential for its activity

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apoenzyme

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the protein portion of an enzyme exclusive of any organic or inorganic cofactor or prosthetic groups that might be required for activity

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holoenzyme

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a catalytically active enzyme including all necessary subunits, prosthetic groups, and cofactors

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active site

Back 40

the distinguishing feature of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is that it occurs within the confines of a pocket on or in the enzyme

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substrate

Back 41

the molecule that is bound at the active site

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describe what enzymes do in a chemical reaction

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increase the rate of a reaction while lowering the activation energies

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describe what enzymes dont do in chemical reaction

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enzymes do not affect the reaction equilibria

Front 44

anaplerotic reaction

Back 44

an enzyme catalyzed reaction that can replenish the supply of intermediates in the TCA cycle