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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hypotonic solution
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solution with:
higher concentration of water, lower concentration of solute |
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isotonic solution
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solution with:
equal concentration of water, equal concentration of solute |
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hypertonic solution
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solution with:
lower concentration of water, higher concentration of solute |
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osmosis
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the diffusion of water from an area of high concentration of water to and area of low concentration of water
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allotrope
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two nature-existing forms (structures) of the same element
ex: diamond and graphite |
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ionic bond
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electrostatic attraction between two oppositely-charged ions
metal + non-metal |
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covalent bond
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two oppositely-charged ions sharing electrons
non-metal + non-metal |
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formula unit
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unit of ionic bond
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molecule
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unit of covalent bond
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isotopes
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atoms with same number of protons, different number of neutrons
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orbit
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the path that an electron follows as it moves around the nucleus
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orbital
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the probability of finding electrons in certain regions of an atom
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electron spin
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how an electron turns (clockwise/counterclockwise) in order to create an energy field
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electron configuration
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distribution of electrons among the orbitals of an atom
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Hund's Rule
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electrons occupy equal energy orbitals so that a maximum number of unpaired electrons results
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
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an orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons, which must spin in opposite directions
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Aufbau Principle
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electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy orbitals available until all electrons are accounted for
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orbital diagram
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representation of an atom in which arrows in boxes show the electron configuration of an atom
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static equilibrium
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numbers don't change
indivdual things don't change |
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dynamic equilibrium
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numbers don't change
individual things do change |
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Keq
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equilibrium constant: ratio between products and reactants
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Q
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reaction quotient: ratio between products and reactants not measured at equilibrium
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chemical equilibrium
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state at which the amounts of reactants and products are constant, because the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
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Keq remains constant...
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...as long as temperature does not change
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Q < Keq
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reaction will proceed in forward direction
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Q > Keq
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reaction will proceed in reverse direction
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Arrhenius acids
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form hydronium ions (H3O+) in water
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Arrhenius bases
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form hydroxide ions (OH-) in water
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Bronsted-Lowry acids
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proton donors
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Bronsted-Lowry bases
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proton acceptors
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amphiprotic/amphoteric substance
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substance that can act as both an acid and a base
(ex: H2O) |
