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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the columns elements in the periodic table arranged in called?
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groups |
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Compounds are...
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different atoms joined together (2+) |
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Elements contain...
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only one type of atom |
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The nucleus of an atom contains...
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Protons and neutrons
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The number of electrons orbiting the nucleus is the same number as...
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The number of protons in the nucleus
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What charge do protons have?
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Positive
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What is the atomic number?
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The number of protons in an atom of an element.
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Number of neutrons =
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Mass number – atomic number
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Each she'll represents a different...
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Energy level
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What are the first three elements in group 1?
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1. Lithium 2. Sodium 3. Potassium
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What is limestone used for?
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Building materials
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When thermally decomposed, what does calcium carbonate produce?
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Calcium oxide (quicklime) + carbon dioxide
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Quicklime + water –>
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Slaked lime
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What is slaked lime?
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Calcium hydroxide
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How is cement made?
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Powdered limestone is heated in a kiln with powdered clay.
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How do you make mortar?
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Cement is mixed with sand and a water.
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How do you make concrete?
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Cement mixed with sand, water and gravel to make concrete.
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Negatives of quarrying limestone
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"• noisy
• dusty • destroys habitats of animals and birds • waste materials produce unsightly tips • permanently changes the landscape" |
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Advantages of limestone quarrying
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"1) provides building materials for houses and roads
2) provides chemicals for dyes, paints and medicines 3) limestone neutralises acidic soil and acid lakes/rivers 4) provides jobs 5) local improvements in transport, roads 6) landscaping & restoration of area is required" |
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Properties of metals
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"1) Strong 2) malleable3) good conductors of electricity"
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What bonding do metals have?
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Metallic
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A metal ore is...
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...a mineral which contains enough metal to make it worthwhile extracting the metal out of it
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How is copper purified?
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By electrolysis.
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What group is copper in?
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Transition metals
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Why is copper ideal for electrical wires?
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Because it is a good conductor of electricity.
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Why is copper good for plumbing?
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Because it's below hydrogen in the reactivity series it doesn't react with water.
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How is copper easily extracted?
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By reduction with carbon.
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Why is it important to recycle as much copper as possible?
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The supply of copper–rich ores is limited
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How is copper separated from copper sulfide?
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Bacteria is used. They get their energy from the bond between copper and sulfur, separating out copper from the ore in the process.
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What does sulfur gas cause?
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acid rain |
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Metals higher than carbon in the reactivity series are extracted by?
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electrolysis |
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Metals below carbon in the reactivity series can be extracted by?
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reduction using carbon |
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How are impurities removed from pure iron?
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in a blast furnace |
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What is low carbon steel used for and why?
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It is used for car bodies because it can be easily shaped.
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What is high carbon steel used for and why?
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It is used for blades for cutting tools because it is very hard and inflexible.
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What is stainless steel used for and why?
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It is used for cutlery & containers for corrosive substances because it is rust–resistant.
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Why are alloys harder than pure metals?
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Because the different sized atoms upset the layers making it difficult for them to slide over each other.
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Why is aluminium corrosion resistant?
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The aluminium reacts quickly with the air to form aluminium oxide. This sticks firmly to the aluminium below and stops any further reactions taking place.
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What can aluminium be used for?
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"1. Window frames
2. Electricity cables 3. Aircraft " |
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Properties of aluminium
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"1. Low density
2. Corrosion–resistant " |
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Why is it important to recycle metals?
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"1. Fossil fuels are running out so need to conserve them 2. Recycling metals only uses a small fraction of the energy needed to mine and extract new metals. 3. Recycling saves money 4. Finite amount of metals in the earth 5. Cuts down on landfill rubbish " |
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Alternative power supplies to crude oil.
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Nuclear power, wind power, ethanol–powered cars & solar energy
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Is non–renewable energy more or less reliable than renewable energy?
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More reliable.
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When fossil fuels are burnt, what is released into the atmosphere?
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Carbon dioxide and water vapour
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How can you reduce the amount of sulfur being released into the atmosphere?
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"1. Power stations have acid gas scrubbers
2. Catalytic converters in cars 3. Reduce the usage of fossil fuels. " |
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Pros and cons of ethanol being used by plants
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"Pros: deemed carbon neutral and only other product is water
Cons: engines need to be converted before they'll work & ethanol isn't widely available. " |
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Pros and cons of using biogas as an alternative fuel.
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"Pros: waste material is readily available and cheap and is 'carbon neutral'
Cons: biogas production is slow in cool weather " |
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Pros and cons of using hydrogen gas as an alternative fuel.
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"Pros: only product is water so is a very clean fuelCons: need a special and expensive engine & it isn't widely available. It is also very hard to store."
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When diesel is cracked, what are the three products?
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"1. Petrol
2. Paraffin 3. Ethene" |
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Conditions needed for cracking
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Powdered catalyst (aluminium oxide) at high temperatures (400c–700c) |
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Alkenes have a...
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Double carbon=carbon bond
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How is ethanol produced by ethene?
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Reacted with steam. Needs 300c pressure and pressure. Catalyst is phosphoric acid.
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Where does biodiesel come from?
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Plant crops
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How are unsaturated oils hydrogenated?
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The can be hardened by reacting them with hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst at 60 degrees
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Why are hydrogenated oils useful as spreads?
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Because they have higher melting points than unsaturated oils so they're would at room temperature
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Benefits of food additives
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"1. Help food stay fresh
2. Make food look and taste better 3. Emulsifiers and stabilisers stop emulsions from separating" |
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How can artificial colours be detected?
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By chromatography
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Negatives of food additives
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"1. Some people think that some synthetic food colourings make children hyperactive
2. Some people are allergic to some additives 3. Some additives aren't suitable for vegetarians. " |
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Wegener came up with what theory?
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Continental drift
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What is continental drift?
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"Pangea Broke apart Drifting away "
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Why wasn't Wegener's theory accepted?
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"1. He has used inaccurate data in his calculations
2. He wasn't a geologist 3. He thought that the continents were ploughing through the sea bed " |
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What are the different layers of the earth?
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"Inner core
Outer core Mantle Crust Atmosphere " |
