Chemistry, Tube, And X-Ray Production

Front 1

Define Matter

Back 1

general term to describe the substance that comprises all physical objects.

Front 2

Has shape, form, and occupies space

Back 2

matter

Front 3

SI unit for mass?

Back 3

kilograms

Front 4

2 or more substances create a ..

Back 4

mixture

Front 5

simple substances are also called

Back 5

elements

Front 6

true/false

elements can be broken down into simpler sustances

Back 6

false. they cannot be broken down

Front 7

complex substances are also called ..

Back 7

compounds

Front 8

what is a compound?

Back 8

2 or more elements chemically united

Front 9

what is an example of a compound?

Back 9

water, salt

Front 10

what is an example of an element?

Back 10

hydrogen, oxygen, carbon

Front 11

define atom

Back 11

smallest particle of an element that possesses properties of an element .. cannot be broken down farther

Front 12

define molecule

Back 12

2 different atoms are chemically combined, smallest particle of a compound that still possesses characteristics of the compound

Front 13

what is the SI unit for energy?

Back 13

joule (J)

Front 14

what is the law of ocnsevation?

Back 14

matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, just converted from one to another.

Front 15

who and when proposed the model of the atom that is still used today?

Back 15

niels borh 1913

Front 16

when the number of positiviely charger particles equals the number of negative particles, the atom is ...

Back 16

neutral or stable

Front 17

what is the atomic number (z)?

Back 17

number of protons in an atom

Front 18

if an atom gains or loses a neutron it is called ...

Back 18

isotope

Front 19

if an atom gains or loses an electron it is called ...

Back 19

ion

Front 20

what holds electrons within the shell?

Back 20

centripetal force

Front 21

what is the atomic mass number (A)

Back 21

equal to the number of protons and neutrons

Front 22

true/false:

the binding energy is higher closer to the nucleus

Back 22

true

Front 23

true/False:

the binding energies are lower as the atomic number increases

Back 23

false.

the binding energies are HIGHER the higher the atomic numbe

Front 24

what is a neutral atom?

Back 24

equal positive and negative charge

Front 25

what is the equation for work?

work = ____ x _____

Back 25

work = force x distance

Front 26

what are the properties of electromagnetic energy?

Back 26

frequency wavelength vleocity amplitude

Front 27

what is velocity

Back 27

always equal to the speed of light

3x10^8 meters/second

Front 28

what is amplitude?

Back 28

half the distance from crest to trough

Front 29

define wavelength

Back 29

distance from 2 points .. crest to crest

Front 30

what is frequency?

Back 30

number of full waves that pass during a given point

Front 31

velocity = _____ x _______

which is a constant?

Back 31

velocity = frequency x wavelength

velocity is a constant.

speed of light

3 x 10^8

Front 32

frequency and wavelength are ______ porportional

Back 32

inversely

Front 33

what is needed to create an x-ray

Back 33

source of electrons, appropriate target material, high voltage (energy), vacuum

Front 34

what does the tube consist of?

Back 34

cathode

anode

glass envelope

protective housing

Front 35

what is the cathode?

what does it consist of?

Back 35

negative side of the tube

consist of:

filament

focusing cup

associated wiring

Front 36

what is the filament made of?

Back 36

coil of tungsten wire

Front 37

what is the primary function of the cathode?

Back 37

produce and focus an electron stream toward the anode

Front 38

what is the anode?

what does it ocnsist of?

Back 38

positive side of the tube

target

Front 39

why is tungsten used?

Back 39

high melting point

high atomic number

heat conducting abilities

Front 40

what is the actual focal spot?

Back 40

physical area that the electron beam impacts the target

Front 41

what is the effective focal spot?

Back 41

area of project photons towards the object

Front 42

what does the target angle range from? what is most common?

Back 42

ranges from 7 to 17 with 12 being most common.

Front 43

what is the thermionic cloud?

Back 43

electron cloud

Front 44

what is thermionic emission

Back 44

shooting across

Front 45

if you increase the angle of the anode target what happens to your effective focal spot?

Back 45

increase effective focal spot

Front 46

utilizing the anode heel effect to x-ray the femur, would you place the anode side towards the knee or hip? why?

Back 46

you would place it towards the knee.

greater on cathode side

Front 47

define photon

Back 47

a small bundle of energy.

Front 48

what is isotropic emission?

Back 48

photons emitted in all directions

Front 49

what are the two types of target interactions?

Back 49

brems

characteristic

Front 50

describe brems interaction

Back 50

braking or slowing.

force field of nucleus.

energy lost during braking is emitted as an x-ray photon

Front 51

what happens when an incident e- interacts directly with the nucleus during brems?

Back 51

e- would lose all its energy

Front 52

Describe the characteristic interaction

Back 52

incident electron interacts with an inner-shell electron

causes characteristic cascade

Front 53

which is more likely to happen? brems or characteristic?

Back 53

brems