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290 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2.54 cm
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1 inch
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1mL
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1 cubic cm
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16 oz
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1 lb
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4 qts
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1 gal
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2.21 lbs
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1 kg
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.4536 kg
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1 lb
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.946 L
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1 qt
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1.0567 qt
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1 L
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megameters
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1 million meters
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kilometers
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1000 meters
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.1 m
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decimeter
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10 decimeters
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1 meter
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.01 m
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centimeter
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100 cm
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1 meter
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.001 m
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millimeter
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1000 mm
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1 m
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.000001 m
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micrometer
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.000000001 m
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nanometer
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10 meters cubed
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1 km
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10^-1
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decimeter
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10^-2
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centimeter
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10^-3
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millimeter
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10 exp -6
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micrometer
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10 exp -9
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nanometer
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milli
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thousandth
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nano
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billionth
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micro
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millionth
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kilo
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1000
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mega
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1,000,000
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2.2046 lb
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1kg
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1 mile
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5280 ft
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.305 m
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1 foot
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.914 m
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1 yard
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.62 mi
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1 km
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1.609 km
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1 mi
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1 cubic decimeter
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1 L
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1 qt
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1/4 gal
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1 gal
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3.8 L
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1/1000 g
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1 milligram
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1/100 g
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1 centigram
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1/1000 kg
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1 gram
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1 metric ton
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1000 kg
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aluminum
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Al
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antimony
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Sb
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argon
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Ar
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arsenic
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As
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barium
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Ba
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bismuth
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Bi
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boron
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B
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bromine
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Br
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cadmium
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Cd
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calcium
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Ca
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carbon
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C
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chlorine
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Cl
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chromium
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Cr
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cobalt
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Co
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copper
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Cu (cuprum)
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fluorine
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F
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gold
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Au
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helium
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He
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Hydrogen
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H
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iodine
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I
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iron
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Fe (ferrum)
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lead
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Pb (plumbum)
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lithium
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Li
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magnesium
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Mg
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manganese
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Mn
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mercury
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Hg
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neon
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Ne
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nickel
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Ni
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nitrogen
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N
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oxygen
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O
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phosphorus
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P
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platinum
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Pt
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potassium
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K
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radium
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Ra
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silicon
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Si
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silver
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Ag
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sodium
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Na
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strontium
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Sr
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sulfur
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S
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tin
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Sn (stannum)
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titanium
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Ti
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tungsten
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W
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uranium
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U
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zinc
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Zn
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density
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mass divided by volume
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Ammonium
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NH4^+
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nitrite
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NO2^-
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Sulfite
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SO3^2-
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Sulfate
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SO4^2-
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Hydrogen Sulfate/bisulfate
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HSO4^-
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Hydroxide
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OH^-
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Cyanide
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CN^-
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Phosphate
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PO4^3-
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Hydrogen phosphate
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HPO4^2-
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Dihydrogen phosphate
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H2PO4^-
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Carbonate
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CO3^2-
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Hydrogen carbonate/bicarbonate
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HCO3^-
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Hypochlorite
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ClO^-
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Chlorite
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ClO2^-
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Chlorate
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ClO3^-
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Perchlorate
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ClO4^-
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Acetate
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C2H3O2^-
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Permanganate
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MnO4^-
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Dichromate
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Cr2O7^2-
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Chromate
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CrO4^2-
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Peroxide
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O2^2-
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Polyatomic ions
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atoms which are bonded together through the sharing of electrons
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Polyatomic ions
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these unlike molecules, are charged.
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Polyatomic ions
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form ionic compounds with oppositely-charged species.
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Most polyatomic ions
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negatively charged
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ammonium is the only
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positively charged polyatomic ion
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Polyatomic ions are easy to recognize
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They will either be bonded to ammonium NH4^+ or a metal
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If you see NH4 or a metal in a compound,
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the rest of the compound is a negatively-charged polyatomic compound.
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Polyatomic nomenclature
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Cation is named first, followed by the anion
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Which two compounds have similar nomenclature?
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Polyatomic and Type I binary compounds
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What does the atomic number of a neutral atom equal to?
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its number of electrons
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How is the charge of an atom changed and what is it called after the change?
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Gain or loss of electrons
Ion |
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Ion
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The change in charge of an atom by loss or gain of electrons.
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A charged atom is called an ________
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ion
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Neutral atoms have what kind of charge?
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charge-balanced
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Neutral atoms have how many electrons compared to protons?
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Equal
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Anion
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an ion formed by gaining electrons
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What is the charge of an Anion?
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Negative
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Anions are formed by what?
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Nonmetals
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What is an ion called when it gains electrons?
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anion
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A negatively charged ion is called an ________
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anion
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nonmetals and some metalloids form_______
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anions
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What is the superscript for an anion
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-
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An atom that loses an electron
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Cation
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what is the charge of a cation?
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positive
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cations are formed by
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metals
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what kind of ion is formed by a metal
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cation
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what is the superscript for a cation
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+
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How many electrons in relation to protons does a cation have
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less electrons than protons
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Charges on representative metals can be predicted by their
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group numbers
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a group 2A metal will form a cation with what charge?
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2+
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How do you predict the charge of the anions for representative nonmetals?
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subtract 8 from group number
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What is the charge of the oxygen anion?
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2-
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What is the charge of the phosphorus anion?
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3-
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Cations and anions form __________.
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simultaneously
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The electron that is lost by the ______ is gained by the _______.
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metal
nonmetal |
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The result of an electron transfer is
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two oppositely-charged ions which are attracted to each other form an ionic bond.
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The electrostatic attractive force between two ions is called an ____________.
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ionic bond
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What is an ionic bond?
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the result of an electron transfer
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When an ionic bond forms between a cation and an anion
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ionic compound
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What is an ionic compound
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ionic bonds between cations and anions
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What compounds are always ionic
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metal-nonmetal
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metal-nonmetal compounds are always
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ionic
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How can ionic compounds be identified?
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by dissolving them in water
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What happens when an ionic compound is dissolved in water?
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The bonded ions dissociate from one another
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Separated ions _____________
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conduct electricity
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Why can ionic compounds be identified when dissolved in water?
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While solid the ions will not conduct electricity but when the ions separate, like all moving charges they conduct electricity
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Ionic compounds are always
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charge balanced
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charged species are energetically
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unstable
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The formula unit for an ionic compound can be predicted
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if the charges of the ions are known
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Why do ionic compounds form
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to lower the energy of the system
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Temperature
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measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles
faster particles - higher KE - higher temperature |
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Temperature reference points
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boiling and freezing points of water
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freezing point of water
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32 F
0 C 273 K |
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boiling point of water
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212 F
100 C 373 K |
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How many degrees between boiling and freezing
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180 F
100 C 100 K |
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Celsius to Kelvin conversion
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Tk = Tc + 273.15
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Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion
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Tf= 1.8 Tc + 32
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Fahrenheit to kelvin conversion
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Tf-32/1.8= Tc + 273.15
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Density
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mass/volume
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Standard liquid units
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g/mL
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standard solid units
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g/cm^3
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standard units for gases
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g/L
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Matter
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anything that has mass and occupies space
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Three states of matter on earth
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solid, liquid, gas
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fourth state of matter
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plasma
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solid
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fixed shape and volume
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liquid
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definite volume
takes the shape of its container |
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gas
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no fixed shape or volume
takes the shape and volume of its container |
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inter-particle forces
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hold particles together
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what holds particles together
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inter-particle forces
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solids have a high degree of
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order
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what state of matter has the highest degree of order
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solids
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solids have _______ KE and PE
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low
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what is kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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low KE indicates a
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positive value with a small magnitude
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particles in fixed positions have
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low kinetic energy
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What state of matter has low KE and PE
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solids
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Low potential energy
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stable
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Why do solids form inter-particle attractive forces
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lowers the PE
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what is one of the universal driving forces
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an natural tendency to seek the lowest energy state available
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Particles in the liquid state
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Flow
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Particles in the liquid state have more __________ energy than solids.
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kinetic & potential
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In the _____ phase there are no inter-particle attractive forces.
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gas
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gas phase is characterized by a high degree of
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disorder
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low KE, PE and order
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Solids
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More KE, PE and less order
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liquids
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high KE, PE and disorder
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Gas
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Formation of attractive forces lowers the ________ of a system
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energy
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____________________ lowers the energy of a system.
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Formation of attractive forces
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Phase changes
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physical changes
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Physical changes are also called
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Phase changes
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The makeup of a substance is not changed
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physical change
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Phase changes occur with an ____________ between the system and it's surroundings
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Energy exchange
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What occurs with an energy exchange?
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Phase changes
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Ke and PE __________ between the solid to liquid to gas phase
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increase
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If KE and PE increases energy is being __________.
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absorbed
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energy absorbed increases
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KE and PE
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absorption of energy
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endothermic
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endothermic
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absorption of energy
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endothermic phase changes
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solid to liquid to gas
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Release heat
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exothermic
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ke and pe decrease in an
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exothermic process
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exothermic process phase changes
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gas to liquid to solid
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endothermic - name
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melting, vaporizing, sublimation
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exothermic - name
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condensation, freezing, deposition
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Endothermic processes occur
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with the absorption of heat by the system from the surrounding
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Exothermic processes occur
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with the release of heat from the system to the surroundings
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the formation of every kind of attractive force
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lowers the energy of the system
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formation of attractive forces is an__________ process
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exothermic
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reverse of exothermic
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endothermic
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disrupting attractive forces
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endothermic
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Chemical changes occur with an ______________.
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energy exchange
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Chemical changes ___________ the identity of a substance.
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change
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signs of a chemical change
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color change
formation of a solid bubble odor flame production |
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Chemical reactions are represented using
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chemical equations
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reactant
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original substance
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products
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new substances
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Thermal equilibrium
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heat flows from hot to cold
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Chemical properties describe
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how a substance interact with other substances
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When chemical changes occur the products have ____________
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very different properties
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two types of substances in nature
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elements
compounds |
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compounds are made up of
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two or more different elements
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compounds can only be broken down to elements by
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chemical processes
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naturally occurring elements
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gold (elemental)
oxygen iron carbon Neon (elemental) |
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uncombined elements
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generally unreactive
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compound examples
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water
table salt sugar carbon dioxide |
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are properties of a compound related to the elements that compose it
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no
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Same chemical composition at all times
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compounds
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Law of constant composition
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compounds have the same composition at all times
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pure substances
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elements and compounds
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always have the same compostion
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pure substances
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mixtures
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combination of pure substances
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mixture phases
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solid, liquid or gas
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Air is a gas phased ___________ of __________.
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mixture of pure substances
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gold jewelry is an example of what
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solid phase mixture containing pure substances
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Homogeneous mixture
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look the same throughout
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homogenous mixture is also called
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solution
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another name for a solution
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homogeneous mixture
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Homogeneous quality is not limited to
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appearance
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heterogeneous mixture
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mixtures which look different throughout
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pure substances are seperated by
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physical processes
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Examples of physical processes
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filtration
distillation |
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Chemistry
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the science that deals with the materials of the universe and the changes these materials undergo
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Central science
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Basic understanding of chemistry is necessary for other scientific disciplines
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5 specialty areas
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organic
inorganic physical Bio analytical |
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Scientific method
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observations
hypothesis test hypothesis adopt theory |
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length
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meter
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volume
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liter or cubic meter
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mass
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gram or kilogram
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time
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second
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temperature
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celsius or kelvin
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precision is an indicator of
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reliability of the measurement
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Sig figs addition and subtraction
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the least precise number
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SIg figs multiplication and division
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least number of sig figs
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What are the first and second most abundant element in the universe?
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Hydrogen and helium
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Elements except for Hydrogen and helium are formed by
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nuclear fusion
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Nuclear fusion
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fusion of small atoms to make larger ones
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On earth, elements made by nuclear fusion are called _________, and are _____ abundant than hydrogen
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heavy elements
more |
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almost half of the atoms found on earth
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oxygen
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most common element in the human body
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oxygen
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protons and neutrons have roughly the same
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mass
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Neutrons have no
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charge
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protons and neutrons in the nucleus are called
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nucleons
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electrons have ________ masses
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negligible
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proton symbol
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p or p^0
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neutron symbol
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n or n^0
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electron symbol
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e-
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masses of three subatomic particles are compared to the mass of the ________ atom
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carbon
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nitrite
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NO2^-
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HI
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hydroiodic acid
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HCL
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hydrochloric acid
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HBr
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hydrobromic acid
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HNO3
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nitric acid
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HNO2
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nutrous acid
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H2SO4
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sufuric acid
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H2SO3
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sulfurous acid
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H2CO3
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carbonic acid
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H3PO4
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phosphoric acid
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HCLO3
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chloric acid
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HClO2
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Chlorous acid
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CH3COOH
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Acetic acid
|
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HClO4
|
perchloric acid
|
