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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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energy required to separate one mole of an ionic compound into gaseous ions
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lattice energy
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What is the trend in electronegativity?
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increases left to right decreases with increasing atomic number |
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Arrange the following according to electronegativity: H, C, N, O, P, S, Cl.
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O > N > Cl > C > S > P,H
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difference between number of valence electrons and the number of electrons assigned to the same atom in a Lewis structure
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formal charge
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What is true about first row elements?
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Octet Rule
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explanation that accounts for observations and reflects our inability to draw an accurate picture of molecules with dots and lines
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resonance
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What type of arrows are used to display resonance?
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double-headed (<--->)
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Electrostatic forces quite strong. (Ionic or covalent?)
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ionic
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Typically solids with high melting points. (Ionic or covalent?)
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ionic
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Many are water soluble and result in aqueous solutions that conduct electricity. (Ionic or covalent?)
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ionic
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Bond energies quite strong relative to intermolecular forces. (Ionic or covalent?)
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covalent
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Typically gases, liquids, or low melting solids. (Ionic or covalent?) |
covalent
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Generally insoluble in water but if soluble, do not result in solutions that conduct electricity. (Ionic or covalent?)
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covalent
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predicts shapes bases simply on counting the number of atoms and electron pairs about a central atom and placing them in an idealized geometry
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VSPER model
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explains differences in bond lengths and bond energies |
not VSPER
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accounts for stability of covalent bond in terms of overlapping atomic orbitals
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valence bond theory
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accounts for different bond types
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valence bond theory
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with hybridization, accounts for molecular geometry
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valence bond theory
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describes covalent bonds in terms of orbitals formed from the interaction of the atomic orbitals of all bonding atoms in the entire molecule
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molecular orbital theory
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What does molecular orbital theory say about orbitals?
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They often spread over a number of atoms.
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provides the best picture of bonding in molecules and molecular properties
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molecular orbital theory
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cylindrical and provide electron density between the nuclei
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sigma bonds
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lie above and below a plane containing the nuclei and provide electron density between the nuclei |
pi bonds
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carbon forms polymeric or chain-like structures with itself
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catenation
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collection of atoms that define the shape, physical properties, type and strength of intermolecular forces, and chemical reactivity of a molecule
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function groups
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What do structures with the same functional groups have? (Three plus examples.) |
similar physical properties (odor, color, melting points and boiling points) similar chemical reactivity (acid/base reactions and redox reactions) similar spectroscopic properties (absorption of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths) |
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What are the four broad families of functional groups?
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carbons and hydrogens (no polar bonds) polar C-Z bond polar C=Z bond combinations of the above |
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hydrocarbons consisting exclusively of carbon and hydrogen in saturated sigma C-C and C-H bonds
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alkanes
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What is the chemical formula of all alkanes? |
CnH(2n+2)
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Name CH4
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methane
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Name C2H5 |
ethyl
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Name C3H8 |
propane
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Name C4H9 |
butyl
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Name C5H12 |
pentane
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Name C6H13 |
hexyl |
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Name C7H16 |
heptane
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NameC8H17
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octyl
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Name C9H20 |
nonane
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Name C10H21 |
decyl
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hydrocarbons consisting exclusively of carbon and hydrogen in saturated sigma C-C and C-H bonds and possessing one or more carbocyclic rings
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cycloalkanes
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What is the chemical formula of all cycloalkanes?
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CnH2n
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rings that share two adjoining atoms |
fused
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rings that share two non-adjoining atoms |
bridged
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rings that share one common atom
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spiro
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hydrocarbons consisting exclusively of carbon and hydrogen linked by sigma bonds and one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon double bonds (pi bonds) |
alkenes
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What does each carbon-carbon double bond or pi bond reduce the number of hydrogens by? |
2
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hydrocarbons consisting exclusively of carbon and hydrogen linked by sigma bonds and one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon triple bonds
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alkynes
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hydrocarbons possessing a benzene ring |
arenes
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compounds containing a polar C-halogen bond |
alkyl halides
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What are the halogens? |
F, Cl, Br, I
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compounds containing a polar C-OH bond |
alcohols
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What is a hydroxyl group?
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-OH
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compounds containing a polar C-OR bond where R is an alkyl group
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ethers
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What is an alkoxy group? |
-OR
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What is "R"?
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carbon bonded to other things (alkyl group)
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ether
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compounds containing a polar C-SH bond |
thiols or mercaptans
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What is a thiol group? |
-SH
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compounds containing a polar C-SR bond |
sulfides or thioethers
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What is a thioalkoxy group? |
-SR
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compounds containing a polar C-amino group bond |
amines
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What are amino groups? |
NH2 NHR NR2 |
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What functional groups possess C=O?
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aldehydes and ketones
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What functional groups possess S=O? |
sulfoxides and sulfones
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What functional groups possess P=O? |
phosphine oxides
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What functional groups possess C=N? |
imines
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What functional groups possess C=S? |
thiocarbonyl compounds (rare)
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What have two hydroxyl groups?
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diols
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What have hydrocarbon and carboxylic acid functional groups? |
fatty acids
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What are carbonyl compounds? |
C=O
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What are proximal ether and alcohol functional groups called (OH group off R)?
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hemiacetals
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What are proximal ether functional groups called (share R)? |
acetals
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What are proximal carbonyl and polar C-OH bonds called? |
carboxylic acid
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What are proximal carbonyl and polar C-Cl bonds called? |
acid chloride
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acid anhydride
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What are proximal carbonyl and polar C-OR bonds called?
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carboxylic ester
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What are proximal carbonyl and polar C-SR bonds called? |
carboxylic thioester
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What are proximal carbonyl and polar C-NR2 bonds called? |
carboxamide
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What are proximal C=O carbonyl groups called? |
alpha-ketoacids
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removal of electrons
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oxidation
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addition of elections |
reduction
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What kind of reaction is a functional group interconversion?
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redox
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What are the five symmetry elements that are of particular importance in the study of chemistry? |
symmetry axis (Cn) plane of symmetry (sigma) center of symmetry (i) rotation-reflection axis (Sn) identity |
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an axis around which a rotation produces a molecule that is indistinguishable from the original
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symmetry axis or n-fold rotational axis (Cn)
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a mirror plane through which an identical copy of the original molecule is obtained |
plane of symmetry (sigma)
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for any atom in the molecule, an identical atom exists diametrically opposite this center an equal distance from it
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center of symmetry or inversion center (i)
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an axis around which a rotation followed by a reflection in a plane perpendicular to it, leaves the molecule unchanged |
rotation-reflection axis (Sn)
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an apparently trivial symmetry element possessed by every molecule |
identity (example: chirality)
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sulfoxide
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sulfone |
