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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or false: Each hydrogen molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms
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TRUE
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True or false: Each hydrogen molecule is made up of one hydrogen atom
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FALSE
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What is the function of chymotrypsin?
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It's a protein that speeds up chemical reactions
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True or false: Hydrogen is the ultimate source of most of the energy on earth
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TRUE
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True or false: Carbon is the ultimate source of most of the energy on earth
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FALSE
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What does DNA stand for?
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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True or false: The human body contains about 100,000 different kinds of protein molecules
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TRUE
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True or false: The human body contains about 1,000,000 different kinds of protein molecules
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FALSE
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Who is often referred to as the father of modern chemistry?
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Antoine Lavoisier
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When you burn a wooden log, all that remains is a small amount of ash. What happens to the rest of the log?
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Johann Becher and Georg Stahl accounted for the missing weight of the log by saying that phlogiston was given off during burning. Wood is made up of two things: phlogiston, which was lost in burning, and ash, which remained after.
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What did Becher and Stahl propose?
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Anything that is able to burn can do so because it contained phlogiston
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Who proposed that all matter that had the ability to burn was able to do so because it contained phlogiston?
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Johann Becher and Georg Stahl
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Who disproved the phlogiston theory? How?
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Lavoisier said that when a substance burns, it combines with oxygen in the air
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True or false: Matter loses weight when it burns
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TRUE
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True or false: Matter gains weight when it burns
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FALSE
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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mass is neither gained nor lost in a chemical change
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Definition of a theory
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When a hypothesis is tested and confirmed by many experiments, without contradiction
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Who discovered oxygen?
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Joseph Priestley and Carl Wilhelm Scheele (they discovered oxygen independently)
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Scientific definition of law
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summary of repeated observations
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Can laws be proved?
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Nope
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Five subdivisions of chemistry
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(1) analytical - what and how much in a sample of matter (qualitative and quantitative analysis)
(2) biological - living systems (3) organic - properties and reactions of carbon-containing compounds (4) inorganic (5) physical - physics of chemical change |
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Which industry is the largest single employer of chemists?
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Petroleum
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Top 5 inorganic chemicals
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(1) chlorine
(2) sodium hydroxide (3) hydrochloric acid (4) titanium oxide (5) aluminum sulfate |
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Top 5 fertilizer materials
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(1) sulfuric acid
(2) phosphoric acid (3) ammonia (4) superphosphates (5) nitric acid |
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Top 10 U.S. chemical producers
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(1) Dow chemical
(2) DuPont (3) PPG Industries (4) Air Products (5) Rohm and Haas (6) Praxair (7) Eastman Chemical (8) Monsanto (9) Engelhard (10) Lubrizol |
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Matter
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Anything that has mass and takes up space
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Macroscopic matter
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you can see it with the human eye
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microscopic matter
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you can't see it with the unaided human eye
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particulate matter
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you can't even see it with help of something like a microscope. it's that small (molecule)
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distinguishing characteristic of chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology
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a chemist imagines the nature of the behavior of the tiny molecules that make up matter, and then she applies this knowledge to carry out changes from one type of macroscopic or microscopic matter to another
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model
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because we can't see particulate matter directly, we need to have a model of it. we obtain information for the model via experiments and data
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two most common models
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(1) ball and stick
(2) space filling |
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Why are James Watson and Francis Crick important
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they used models to deduce the structure of DNA
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kinetic molecular theory
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all matter consists of extremely tiny particles that are in constant motion. the speed at which particles move is faster at higher temperatures and slower at lower temperatures. the faster the particles move, the more space between them.
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physical changes
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changes that alter the physical form of matter without changing its chemical identity
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True or false: Individual molecules have physical properties
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FALSE
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True or false: Individual molecules do not have physical properties
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TRUE
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chemical properties
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all the chemical changes possible for a substance
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True or false: the number of atoms remain the same before and after a chemical change
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TRUE
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True or false: the number of atoms change after a chemical change
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FALSE
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boiling point of water at normal pressure
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100 degrees Celsius
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pure substance
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one kind of matter; a single chemical
can't be separated into parts by physical means |
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homogeneous mixture
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uniform appearance and composition
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distillation
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heating a solution to change the phase (physical change) of one of the substances to separate them
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filtration
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a medium is used to separate the components
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crystalline
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refers to solids with particles that are arranged in a regularly repeating pattern
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Law of Definite Composition (Law of Constant Composition)
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any compound is always made up of elements in the same proportion by mass (weight)
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The properties of compounds are (always/sometimes/never) different from the properties of the elements of which they are formed
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ALWAYS
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four fundamental forces in the universe
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(1) gravity
(2) electromagnetic force (3) the strong force (4) the weak force (3) and (4) operate within atoms |
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exothermic reaction
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releases energy
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work
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the application of a force over a distance
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