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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
activation energy
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the minimum energy required to start a reation by the breaking of bonds |
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atom economy
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molecular mass of the desired product/sum of molecular masses of all products |
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Boltzmann distribution |
the distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature |
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bond enthalpy |
the enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mol of a given bond in the molecules of a gaseous species |
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cis-trans isomerism
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a special type of E/Z isomerism in wich there is a non-hydrogen group and hydrogen group on each C of a C=C bond. the cis isomer has the hydrogen on the same side and the trans has the hydrogen on opposite sides of the C=C bond |
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curly arrow |
a symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking or formation of a covalent bond |
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displayed formula
|
a formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them |
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E/Z isomerism |
a type of stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C bond may be arranged differently in space because of the restricted rotation of the C=C bond |
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electrophile |
an atom that is attracted to an electron rich centre or atom, where it accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond |
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standard enthalpy change of combustion
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the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all products and reactants being in their standard states |
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standard enthalpy change of formation |
the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a compound in its standard state is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states under standard conditions |
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standard enthalpy change of reaction |
the enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in a chemical equation under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states |
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functional group
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the part of an organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions |
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general formula |
the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series |
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greenhouse effect
|
the process in which the absorption an subsequent emission of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases warms the lower atmosphere and the planet's surface |
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heterolytic fission
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the breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms forming a cation and an anion |
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homologous series |
a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2 |
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homolytic fission |
the breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom forming two radicals |
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hydrocarbon
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an organic compound of only hydrogen and carbon |
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le chateliers principle |
when a system in dynamic equilibrium is subjected to a change, the position of equilibrium will shift to minimise the change |
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nucleophile |
an atom or group of atom that is attracted to an electron deficient centre or atom where it donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond |
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radical
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a species with a unpaired electron |
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skeletal formula
|
a simplified organic formula with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups |
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stereoisomers
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compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of the atoms in space |
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structural formula
|
a formula showing the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecules |
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structural isomers |
molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural formula |
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standard conditions |
a pressure of 100KPa, 25 degrees Celsius and concentration of 1 mol/dm |
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molecular formua |
the number of atoms in each element in a molecule |
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empirical formua |
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound |