Chemistry - Ketones And Aldehydes

Front 1

Describe ketones.

Back 1

Ketones are a class of functional group that contain a internal carbonyl (C=O) group and are connected to two alkyl groups.

Front 2

Describe Aldehydes.

Back 2

Aldehydes are a class of functional groups that contain an external carbonyl group attached to alkyl substituent and a hydrogen.

Front 3

Whats the general formula of a Ketone?

Back 3

R1-CO-R2

Front 4

Whats the general formula of a Aldehyde?

Back 4

R-CO-H

Front 5

What are the physical properties of these?

Back 5

- C=O is polar so dipole-dipole interactions can occur;
- The C=O cannot hydrogen bond but it can receive hydrogen bonds from hydrogen donors;
- High melting and boiling point compared to analogue alkanes;
- Lower boiling point than analogue alcohols;
- More soluble than alkanes but less soluble than alcohols in aqueous media;

Front 6

How do you name ketones?

Back 6

You add the ending -anone; Methanone eg.

Front 7

Name some common aldehydes.

Back 7

- Formal dehyde H-CO-H;
- Acetaldehyde CH3-CO-H;
- Benzaldehyde 6 cyclo then CHO Methyl.

Front 8

Whats the general formula of an Ether?

Back 8

R-O-R

Front 9

Whats the structure of an Ether?

Back 9

- The ether cuntional group consist of an O-atom bonded to two C-atoms via o~ boundsM
- Both the C-O bonds are polar due to the high electronegativity of the O-atom;
- The O-atom in an ether chain behaver much like a -OH in an alkane.

Front 10

Ether can be included in ____ with systems able to donate water.

Back 10

H-bonding

Front 11

What does the physical propertie of an ether cause?

Back 11

It causes lower boiling & melting point compared to analogous alcohols and a solubility in aqueous media compared to analogous alcohols.

Front 12

Whats special about ethers?

Back 12

They're highly volatile and flammable, were used as an anesthetic in the past.

Front 13

Whats the general formula of Eszters?

Back 13

R-CO-O-R'

Front 14

Describe Eszters.

Back 14

- Their R and R' can be any alkyl group;
- they've an pleasant odor(Flowers etc..);
- Compound derived from the reaction of an organic acid with an alcohol;

Front 15

How are they produced?

Back 15

Acid + Alcohol;
R-C=O+R'-OH ->
R-C=O+H2O & C-OH C-O-R'

Front 16

What are some physical properties of eszters?

Back 16

- They're polar resulting in dipole-dipole interactions;
- Cannot form hydrogen bonds with other ethers;
- Can be involved in H-bonding with H donators;
- Low melting & boiling point, solubility in aqueous media.

Front 17

Whats the general formula of Amines?

Back 17

Primary amine R-NH2
Secondary amine R2-NH2
Tertiary amine R3N
Quarternary amine R4N+

Front 18

How're amines derivated?

Back 18

They're derivated from ammonia with one or more alkyl substituents attached to it.

Front 19

How are the common names formed for amines?

Back 19

They're formed by the alkyl group bonded to nitrogen followed by the word amine; -Di; -Tri & -Tetra are used to describe identical R.
Eg, dimethyl amine.

Front 20

The longest ____ containing the amine is used as name.

Back 20

Chain.

Front 21

Describe amines.

Back 21

- Amines are a basic compound with strong odors describes as fishy;
- Essential for life.(Drugs, vitamines, etc..)

Front 22

What's the general formula for Carboxyl acids?

Back 22

R-CO-OH, RCO2H.

Front 23

Describe carboxyl acids.

Back 23

- They're common and important functional groups (amino-acids, fatty acids, etc..) and provide a point of access to the carboxyl acid derivates.
- Most acectic of the common organic functional groups.

Front 24

Name some carboxyl acids derivates.

Back 24

Acyl chlorine, acid anhydie, esters, amines etc...

Front 25

How is the naming for carboxyl acids?

Back 25

Ending -oic, if the carboxylic acid is a ring then -carboxylic acid is used instead.

Front 26

What are the physical properties of carboxyl acids?

Back 26

- They're polar and have strong hydrogen bonds;
- Higher melting point and boiling point;
- High solubility in aqueous media;
- Hydrogen bonded dimers in gas phase and dimers or aggregates in pure liquid.

Front 27

What is the structure of carboxyla cids?

Back 27

- The CO2H unit is planar and constant with sp2 hydrilization and a resonance interaction of the lone pairs of the hydroxyl oxygen with the pi system of the carbonyl.