Chemistry (Formula Weight - Hybridization)

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Formula weight

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The mass of the collection of atoms represented by chemical formula

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Fossil fuels

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Coal, oil, and natural gas, which are presently our major sources of energy

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Free energy

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A thermodynamic state function that gives a criterion for spontaneous change in terms of enthalpy and entropy

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Free radical

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A substance with one or more unpaired electrons

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Frequency

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The number of times per second that one complete wavelength passes a given point

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Frequency factor

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A term in the Arrhenius equation that is related to the frequency of collision and the probability that the collisions are favorably oriented for the reaction

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Fuel cell

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A voltaic cell that utilizes the oxidation of a conventional fuel in the cell reaction

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Fuel value

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The energy released when 1g of a substance is combusted

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Functional group

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An atom or group of atoms that imparts characteristic chemical properties to an organic compound

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Fusion

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The joining of two light nuclei to form a more massive one

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Gamma radiation

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Energetic electromagnetic radiation emanating from the nucleus of a radioactive atom

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Gas

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Matter that has no fixed volume or shape it conforms to the volume and shape of its container

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Gas constant

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The constant of proportionality in the ideal-gas equation

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Geiger counter

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A device that can detect and measure radioactivity

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Geometric isomers

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Compounds with the same type and number of atoms and the same chemical bonds but different spatial arrangements of these atoms and bonds

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Gibbs free energy

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A thermodynamic state function that combines enthalpy and entropy for a change occurring at constant temperature and pressure

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Glass

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An amorphous solid formed by fusion of SiO2, CaO, and NaO. Other oxides may also be used

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Glucose

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A polyhydroxy aldehyde whose formula is CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO; the most important monosaccharide

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Glycogen

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The general name given to a group of polysaccharides of glucose that are synthesizedin mammals and used to store energy from carbohydrates

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Graham's law

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A law stating that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight

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Gray

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The SI unit for radiation dose corresponding to the absorption of 1 j of energy per kilogram of tissue

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Green chemistry

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Chemistry that promotes the design and application of chemical products and processes that are compatible with human health and that preserve the environment

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Ground state

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The lowest-energy, or most stable, state

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Group

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elements that are in the same column of the periodic table; elements within the same group or family exhibit similarities in their chemical behavior

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Haber process

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The catalyst system and conditions of temperature and pressure developed by Fritz Haber and coworkers for the formation of NH3 from H2 and N2

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Half-life

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The time required for the concentration of a reactant substance to decrease to half its initial value; the time required for half of a sample of a particular radioisotope to decay

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Half-reaction

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An equation for either an oxidation or a reduction that explicitly shows the electrons involved

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Hall process

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A process used to obtain aluminum by electrolysis of Al2O3 dissolved in molten cryolite

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Halogens

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Members of group 7a in the periodic table

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Hard water

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Water that contains appreciable concentrations of Ca and Mg, these ions react with soaps to form an insoluble material

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Heat

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The flow of energy from a body at higher temperature to one at lower temperature when they are placed in thermal contact

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Heat capacity

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The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of a sample of matter by 1 degree C

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Heat of fusion

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the enthalpy change, delta H, for melting of a solid

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Heat of sublimation

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The enthalpy change, delta H, for vaporization of a solid

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Heat of Vaporization

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The enthalpy change, delta H, for vaporization of a liquid

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Hemoglobin

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An iron-containing protein responsible for oxygen transport in the blood

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Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

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The relationship among the pH, pKa, and the concentrations of acid and conjugate base in and aqueous solution

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Henry's law

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A law stating that the concentration of a gas in a solution, Cg, is proportional to the pressure of gas over the solution

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Hess's law

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The heat evolved in a given process can be expressed as the sum of the heats of several processes that, when added, yield the process of interest

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Heterogeneous alloy

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An alloy in which the components are not distributed uniformly; instead, two or more distinct phases with characteristic compositions are present

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Heterogeneous catalyst

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A catalyst that is in a different phase from that of the reactant substances

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Heterogeneous equilibrium

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The equilibrium established between substances in two or more different phases, for example, between a gas and a solid or between a solid and a liquid

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Hexagonal close packing

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A close-packing arrangement in which the atoms of the third layer of a solid lie directly over those in the first layer

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High-spin complex

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A complex whose electrons populate the d orbitals to give the maximum number of unpaired electrons

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High-temperature superconductivity

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the frictionless flow of electrical current (superconductivity) at temperatures above 30 k in certain complex metal oxides

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Homogenous catalyst

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A catalyst that is in the same phase as the reactant substances

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Homogeneous equilibrium

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The equilibrium established between reactant and product substances that are all in the same phase

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Hunds rule

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A rule stating that electrons occupy degenerating orbitals in such a way as to maximize the number of electrons with the same spin. In other words, each orbital has one electron placed in it before pairing of electrons in orbitals occurs

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Hybridization

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The mixing of different types of atomic orbitals to produce a set of equivalent hybrid orbitals