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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What's a hypothesis?
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An educated guess.
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What's scientific theory?
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An explanation of why and how a specific natural phenomenon occurs.
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What's Avogadro's Number?
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6.02 x 10^23
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What's double replacement?
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A chemical reaction where two compounds are mixed and they exchange parts of their compounds with each other.
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What does diatomic mean?
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It's used to describe a molecule with more than one atom.
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What's an empirical formula?
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A chemical formula that shows the composition of a compound in terms of the relative numbers and kinds of atoms in the simplest ratio.
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What's scientific law?
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A logical, mathematical statement describing a consistency that applies to all members of a broad class of things.
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What's the independent variable?
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The variable that doesn't change.
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What form of measurement is kelvin?
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Degree, temperature.
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What's an element?
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A substance that cannot be broken down or separated by chemical means. All atoms of an element have the same atomic number.
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What's an atomic mass unit or AMU?
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It's a unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular masses.
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What did the Aufbau Principle state?
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Eelectrons fill orbitals starting at the lowest available (possible) energy states before filling higher states. Ex: 1s before 2s.
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What did the Law of Octaves state?
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The eighth element is a kind of repetition of the first,like the eighth note of an octave in music this is called Law of Octaves.
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What does monoatomic mean?
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A molecule has only one atom.
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What are non-polar covalent bonds?
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A covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge.
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What is electron affinity?
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The energy needed to remove an electron from a negative ion to form a neutral atom or molecule.
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What are Lewis Dot Structures?
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A structural formula in which electrons are represented by dots; dot pairs or dashes between two atomic symbols representing pairs.
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What's amplitude?
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Amplitude is the height difference to the peak and the trough of the wave.
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What's chemical change?
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A change that results in the formation of a new substance, such as burns or rust.
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What's a physical change?
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A change that doesn't effect the chemical composition of an object.
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What is a mole?
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A SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon in exactly 12g of carbon-12.
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What's single replacement?
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One element replaces another in a compound.
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What's a decomposition reaction?
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A reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances.
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What's an ionic compound?
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A compound composed of ions bound together by electrostatic attraction.
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What's molar mass?
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The mas in grams of 1 mol of a substance.
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What's an observation?
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Something one notices.
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What's the dependent variable?
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The variable that is changed for experimental purposes.
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What is Celsius?
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A measurement of temperature, the base unit used in chemistry.
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What's a heterogeneous mixture?
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A mixture composed of dissimilar components.
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What's a homogeneous mixture?
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A mixture that has uniform structure throughout.
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What's a Quanta?
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.
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What does the Pauli Exclusion Principle state?
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That states that two particles of a certain class cannot be in exactly the same energy set.
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What does malleable mean?
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That a substance has the ability to be hammered or beaten into a thin sheet.
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What is electronegativity?
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A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons.
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What's a percent error?
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The relative error.
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What is electron configuration?
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The arrangement of electrons in an atom.
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What does Heisenburg's Uncertainty Principle state?
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That the exact momentum and exact location of a particle cannot be specified.
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What's precision?
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Reproductability
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What is accuracy?
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The correctness of a single measurement.
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What is a physical property?
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A characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change, such as density, color, or hardness.
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What's a coefficient?
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A small whole number that appears as a factor in front of a formula in a chemical equation.
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What's a product?
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A substance that forms in a chemical reaction.
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What is Synthesis?
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The formation of a complex product from simpler reactants.
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What are molecular compounds?
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Chemical compounds whose simplest units are in molecules.
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What is molecular formula?
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A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms.
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What is absolute zero?
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The temperature at which all molecular motion stops. (0 on Kelvin scale or -273.16C on Celsius scale)
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What's a compound?
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A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bounds.
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What does Hund's Rule state?
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That for an atom in the ground state, the number of unpaired electrons is the maximum possible and these unpaired electrons have the same spin.
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What does Periodic Law state?
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The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
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What does it mean if a substance is ductile?
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It means that it can be hammered thin or drawn out into a wire.
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What is a polar covalent bond?
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A covalent bond in which a pair of electrons shared by two atoms is helf more closely by one atom.
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What is ionization energy?
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The energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion.
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What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
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All of the frequencies/wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
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What is wavelength?
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The distance inbetween two waves.
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What's a photon?
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A unit or quantum of light; a particle of electromagnetic radiation that has zero rest mass and carries a quantum of energy.
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What is frequency?
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The number of waves produced in a given amount of time.
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What's a chemical property?
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A property of matter that describes a substance's ability to participate in chemical reactions.
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What is the formula for finding density?
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D = m/v
Where D is density, m is mass, and v is volume. |
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How many meters are in a dekameter?
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10^1
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How many meters are in a decimeter?
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10^-1
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How many meters are in a hectometer?
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10^2
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How many meters are in a centimeter?
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10^-2
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How many meters are in a kilometer?
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10^3
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How many meters are in a millimeter?
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10^-3
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How many meters are in a megameter?
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10^6
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How many meters are in a micrometer?
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10^-6
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How many meters are in a gigameter?
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10^9
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How many meters are in a nanometer?
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10^-9
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How many meters are in a terameter?
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10^12
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How many meters are in a picometer?
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10^-12
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How many meters are in a femtometer?
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10^-15
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How many meters are in an attometer?
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10^-18
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Know this.
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How does one find formula mass?
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One would add all the molar masses together.
EX: K - 39.19 amu Cl - 35.45 amu O3 - 48.00 amu --------------- KClO3 - 122.55 amu |
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Amount in Moles x Molar Mass (g/mol) = _________.
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Mass in Grams
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Mass in Grams x 1 / molar mass (g/mol) = __________.
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Amount in Moles
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Mass of Element in Sample of Compound
________________________ Mass of Sample of Compound x 100 = ____________. |
% Element in Compound
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How does one determine a compound's empirical formula?
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From its percentage composition, begin by converting that to a mass composition. Then, one would take the mass composition of each element and convert it to a composition in moles by dividing by the appropriate molar mass. Then divide by the smallest number between the two mole ratios. Then one can put it together from there.
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What are the rules for assigning oxidation numbers?
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-A free element's oxidation number will always be 0.
-Pay attention to the charge. Na+ becomes +1. -H is always +1. -O is always -2. -Group one (Alkali) metals are always +1. Group two (Alkaline-earth) metals are always +2. -Halogens are always -1. -The charge is the SUM. |
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What does the extension OH mean?
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Hydroxide.
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How does one find the molecular formula of a compound?
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One would first determine the mass of the empirical formula, then divide the molar mass by that, then multiply the result by the subscripts in the empirical formula.
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