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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metric System |
1 kilometer = 1000 meters 1 kilogram = 1000grams 1 millimeter = 0.001 meter
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What is a substance? |
"A particular kind of matter with a definite, fixed composition. Are either elements (copper, gold, oxygen) or compounds (salt, sugar, water)." |
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What is a mixture |
"A material containing two or more substances and can be either heterogeneous or homoogeneous. Are variable in composition." |
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Differences between a pure substance and a mixture |
Pure substance: always has a definite composition by mass. Elements in a compound lose their identities and may be separated by chemical means ONLY.
Mixture: Always contains two or more substances that can be present in varying amounts. Components of a mixture do not lose their identites and may be separated by physical means. |
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What is an element? |
An element is a fundamental or elementary substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means to simpler substances.
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What is an atom? |
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can exist.
It is the smallest unit of an element that can enter into a chemical reaction.
Atoms are made up of still smaller subatomic particles. |
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What is a metal? |
Metals are solid at room temperature (exception mercury). High lusters Good conductors of heat + electricity malleable ductile |
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What is a nonmetal? |
Nonmetals are Not lustrous Have relatively low melting points + densities Generally poor conductors of heat + electricity |
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What is a metalloid? |
Have characteristics between that of a metal and a nonmetal.
See periodic table |
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What is an ion? |
An ion is a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms.
Positive = cation Negatively = anion |
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What is a molecule? |
A molecule is the smallest uncharged individual unit of a compound formed by the union of two or more atoms.
Water is a typical molecular compound. |
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What is a compound? |
Is a substance that contains two or more lements chemically combined in a definite proportion by mass.
Molecular Ionic |
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Physical properties |
Are the inherent characteristics of a substance that can be determined without altering its composition. They are associated with its physical existence.
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Chemical properties |
Describe the ability of a substance to form new substances, either by reaction with other substances or by decomposition. |
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Physical changes |
Are the changes in physical properties (such as size, shape, and density) or changes in the state of matter without an accompanying change in composition.
IE: ice to water and water to steam.
NO NEW substances are formed. |
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Chemical changes |
New substances are formed that have different properties and composition from the original material.
New substances need not resemble the original material in any way.
IE: copper wire heated in a burner flame |
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What is specific heat? |
The specific heat of a substance is the quantity of heat (lost or gained) required to change the temperature of 1 g of that substance by 1C. |
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The Law of Conservation of Energy |
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, though it can be transformed from one form to another. |
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What is an isotope |
Atoms of an element having the same atomic number but different atomic masses are isotopes of that element. |
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Principal Energy Levels |
Depicted by the letter n (a positive integer). Each of these have sublevels which have space for orbitals. |
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What are orbitals |
Where electrons are housed Specified orbitals are s, p, d, f.
There is a max of 2 electrons per orbital |
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What are valence electrons |
1) Electrons involved in bonding atoms together 2) The highest level (PEL) s & p electrons 3) Period number = PEL of the s & p electrons |
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Each horizontal row on the periodic table is called the |
PEL |
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Atomic numbers and Atomic mass |
Atomic numbers are whole numbers; ID the element |-| Atomic mass are not whole numbers; the AVERAGE MASS of all known isotopes of that element. |
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Ions <------> Acids |
Ions <-----------------------------------------> Acids hypo_ite <-------------------------->hypo_ous acid _ite <--------------------------------------> _ous acid _ate <------------------------------------------->_ic acid hyper_ate <-------------------------------->per_ic acid |
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Binary Compounds |
Binary Compounds: contain two different types of elements
Types: Ionic Molecular Acids |
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Ionic Binary Compounds |
Contain a (metal + nonmetal) or a (cation + anion)
EX: NaCl |
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Molecular Binary Compounds |
Contain two different nonmetals Formulas are written using the prefixes: CO2
one = mono- ____________two = di- three = tri- ______________four = tetra- five = penta- ____________six = hexa- seven = hepta- __________eight = octa- nine = nona- ____________ten = deca- |
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Acid Binary Compounds |
Contain hydrogen and one nonmetal
Named with hydro + stem EX HBr |
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Polyatomic Compounds |
Contain 3 or more different types of elements Types include: Ionic Acidic |
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Ionic Polyatomic Compounds |
Are a cation (a metal or NH4+) and a polyatomic anion. |
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What is a polyatomic anion? |
It contains non-metals that are covalently bonded. The charge on the polyatomic anion is considered to be possessed by the entire structure rather than only one of the entities. |
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Acidic Polyatomic Compound |
Hydrogen + polyatomic anion
Hypo____ite ion ---> Hypo____ous acid.
EX: ClO- -----> HClO ClO2- -----> HClO2 |
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Ionization Energy |
The energy required to remove an electron from the atom. |
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An Ionic Bond |
Is the attraction between oppsitely charged ions |
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A Covalent Bond |
Consists of a pair of electrons shared between two atoms. |
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PV = nRT directly and inversely |
On the same side: Directly proportional On opposite sides: Inversely proportional
EX: PV directly TV and TP inversely proportional |
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Arrhenius Acid |
(H+) litmus: pink or red pH: <7 phenolphthalein: colorless |
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Arrhenius Base: |
(OH-) litmus: blue pH: > 7 phenolphthalein: pink |
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What is a solution? |
It is a homogeneous mixture containing both solvent and solute. It has a MAX of 1 solvent which is the most abundant |
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What is a solvent? |
It is the major component in a solution that causes the solute to dissolve |
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What is a solute? |
It is present in lesser amount, is the dissolving medium. |
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What is electron affinity? |
The energy released when an atom gains an electron |
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Ionization energy is |
the energy required to remove an electron from an atom |
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Miscible |
Are 2 or more pure liquids mixed together. Density is unimportant |
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Immiscible |
Liquids that DO NOT mix together. Forms distincitve layers or phases. |
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Halogens are |
The most reactive of nonmetals.
Normally only form single bonds |
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A molecule is nonpolar if |
1) All terminal atoms are the same
AND
2) No lone pairs on the central atom |
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How to calculate pH levels |
ph = -log(# of M)
or
pH = -log(scientific notation) |
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Electrons |
Are involved in chemical reactions atoms either transfer or share electrons They are distributed around the nucleus of an atom in orbitals.
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Orbitals |
Are a particular region in space wherein there is a high probability of finding an electron
There is a max of 2 electrons per orbital
MUST have equal and opposite magnetic spin |
