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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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anion
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an ion that has a negative charge
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atom
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the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element
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atomic mass
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the mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units
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atomic number
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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number is the same for all atoms of an element
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avogadro's number
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6.022 x 10^23 the number of atoms or molecules in 1 mol
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bond energy
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the energy required to break the bonds in 1 mol of a chemical compound
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bond length
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the distance between two bonded atoms at their minimum potential energy; the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms
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Boyle's law
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the law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases as the pressure of the gas decreases and the volume of the gas decreases as the pressure of the gas increases
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cation
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an ion that has a positive charge
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Charles' law
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the law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases and the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature of the gas decreases
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chemical change
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any substance that has a defined composition
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coefficient
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a small whole number that appears as a factor in front of a formula in a chemical equation
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combustion reaction
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the oxidation reaction of an organic compound, in which heat is released
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compound
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a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
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condensation
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the change of state from a gas to a liquid
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conductivity
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the ability to conduct an electric current
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covalent bond
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a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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decomposition reaction
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a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances
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dipole
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a molecule or a part of a molecule that contains both positively and negatively charged regions
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double-displacement reaction
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a reaction in which a gas, a solid precipitate, or a molecular compound forms from the apparent exchange of atoms or ions between two compounds
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electron
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a subatomic particle that has a negative charge
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electronegativity
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a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons
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element
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a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number
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endothermic
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describes a process in which heat is absorbed from the environment
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enthalpy
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H=joules or kJ
the sum of the internal energy of a system plus the product of the system's volume multiplied by the pressure that the system exerts on its surroundings |
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entropy
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a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system
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evaporation
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the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
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exothermic
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describes a process in which a system releases heat into the environment
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freezing
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the change of state in which a liquid becomes a solid as heat is removed
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group
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a vertical column of elements in the periodic table; elements in a group share chemical properties
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halogen
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one of the elements of Group 17: halogens combine with most metals to form salts
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heat
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q=joules
the energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures; energy is always transferred from higher-termperature objects to lower-temperature objects until thermal equilibrium is reached |
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ion
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an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge
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law of conservation of energy
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the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes
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lewis structure
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a structural formula in which electrons are represented by dots; dot pairs or dashes between two atomic symbols represent pairs in covalent bonds
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limiting reactant
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the substance that controls the quantity of product that can form in a chemical reaction
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melting
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the change of state in which a solid becomes a liquid by adding heat or changing pressure
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molar heat capacity
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C= J/kmol
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molar mass
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g/mol
the mass in grams of 1 mol of a substance |
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mole
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the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance whose number of particles is the same as the number of atoms of carbon-12
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molecule
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the smallest unit of a substance that keeps all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance; it can consist of one atom or two or more atoms bonded together
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neutron
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a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
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nonpolar covalent bond
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a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are equally attracted to both bonded atoms
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octet rule
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a concept of chemical bonding theory that is based on the assumption that atoms tend to have either empty valence shells or full valence shells of eight electrons
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period
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in chemistry, a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
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physical change
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a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties
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polar covalent bond
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a covalent bond in which a pair of electrons shared by two atoms is held more closely by one atom
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polyatomic ion
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an ion made of two or more atoms
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pressure
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the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface
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product
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a substance that forms in a chemical reaction
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proton
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a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom; the number of protons of the nucleus is the atomic number, which determines the identity of an element
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reactant
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a substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction
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solubility
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the ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure; expressed in terms of the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent to produce a saturated solution
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standard temperature and standard pressure
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for a gas, the temperature of 0 degrees celsius and the pressure 1.00 atm
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stoichiometry
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the proportional relationships between two or more substances during a chemical reaction
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synthesis reaction
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a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound
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temperature
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T=celsius or kelvin
a measure of how hot (or cold) something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object |
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lone pair or unshared pair
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a nonbonding pair of electrons in the valence shell of an atom; also called lone pair
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valence electron
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an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atom's chemical properties
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volume
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a measure of he size of a body or region in three-dimensional space
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ionic bond
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usually between metal and nonmetals; elements in ion form
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molar heat capacity
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the amount of energy as heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by 1K
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nonpolar covalent compound
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equal sharing of electrons within the bond
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phase energy
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the energy associated with the physical state
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pressure
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the amount of force exerted per unit area of surface
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single displacement reaction
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a reaction between a single element and a compound
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theoretical yield
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the calculated amount predicted from a chemical reaction
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thermal energy
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the kinetic energy of the compounds in the body measured by temperature
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