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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The electron configuration |
Specifies the arrangement of electrons in an atomic orbitals of an atom |
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Pauli exclusion principle |
No two electrons in an atom in the ground state can have the same four quantum numbers |
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Degenerates |
Atomic orbitals that have the same orbitals |
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Noble Gas Core |
Makes it possible to abbreviate the writing of electron configuration |
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Lanthide series |
Consist of the f block of period 6 in the periodic table. |
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Actinide series |
Contains elements with atomic number 89 to 103. They are all radioactive and some are not found in nature |
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Two main factors to consider when thinking about forces between molecules |
1) How many electrons are there. 2) How evenly distributed are the electrons, if there are more electrons there are more opprotunities for them to be unevenly distributed at any given point as they orbit around the nucleus. |
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Partial charges that attract partially charged molecules |
If the electrons are unevenly distributed due to molecular geometry and/or electronegativity differences between bound atoms |
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Arrhenius acid-base reaction |
When a proton is transferred from one molecule to another |
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Oxidation |
Chemical change in which an atom, ion, or molecule loses electrons. |
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Reduction |
A chemical change in which an atom ion or molecule gains electrons. |
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Oxidation and Reduction |
Always happen simutaneously |
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Reducing agent |
In a redox reaction the substance being oxidized. The substance being reduced is called oxidizing agent |
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Oxidation number |
The charge an atom would have in an molecule or an ionic compound if electrons were completely transfered |
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Oxidation-reduction system |
are all about following the electrons. Group 1A elements +1, Group 7A elements take a -1 and oxygen takes a -2 |
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Oxidation |
involves the loss of electrons or hydrogen or gain of oxygen increase in oxidation state. |
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equation: Cr2O7^2- + 14H^+ 6e^- --> 2Cr^3 = 7H2O H2C2O4 --> 2CO2 + 2H^ + 2e^- |
solution: Multiply the second equation by 3 and then add them so that the electrons in the two half reaction equation cancel completely Cr2O72- + 14 H+ + 6 e- --> 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O |
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Work |
can be accomplished by q cell through the transfer of electrons |
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Work calculation |
W= (-q)(E) where W is work, q is charge, and E is the potential difference/volts of a cell |
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Entropy |
Everything in the universe eventually moves from order to disorder and entropy is the measurement of that change. Entropy is opportunity. |
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Entropy equation |
S = (H - F)/T H is enthalpy, F is the free energy, ΔS is incremental change, T is temperature |
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Free Energy |
Energy in a physical system that can be converted to do work. The capacity to do work |
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Free Energy equation |
G= U + PV - TS
U = internal energy P= pressure V= volume T= temperature S= entropy H= enthalpy
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Equilibrium |
A concentration of reactants and products participating in a chemical reaction exhibits no net change overtime. |
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Equilibrium equation |
K = ([C]l[D]m) / ([A]j[B]k) K is the equilibrium constant [A] [B] [C] or [D] are molar concentrations j k l m n are coefficients in a balanced chemical equation |
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Thermodynamic (thermal exchange) |
The study of energy changes accompanying physical and chemical changes. |
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Enthalpy |
H=E + PV
H= Enthalpy E= energy of a system PV= pressure in atm times volume in liters |
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Hess' Law |
If you add up all the individual steps of a journey you will have the sum of all your steps. |
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Radioactive Decay |
Is the process by which a nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting ionized radiation. The most common ray emitted are alpha a, beta b, and gamma g. |
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alpha decay |
an atoms nucleus sheds two neutrons and two protons in a packet called alpha particles. |
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beta decay |
Decay in which a proton is transformed into a neutron. This process allows the atom to move closer to the optimal ratio of protons and neutrons. |
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gamma decay |
The release of energy in the form of gamma rays. A high energy photon is emitted from the nucleus to attain a lower energy configuration |
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Nuclear stability |
Helps identify the stability of an isotope. To identify the stability of an isotope you need to find the ratio of neutrons to protons. |
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Fission |
The splitting of a nucleus of an atom into nuclei of a lighter atom, accompanied by the release of energy. |
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Fussion |
A thermonuclear reaction in which nuclei of light atoms join to form nuclei of heavier atoms |
