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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The difference between organic and inorganic chemistry
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Organic chemistry means carbon is present, inorganic chemistry means carbon is not present.
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Describe the difference between potential energy and kinetic energy
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Kinetic energy is energy something has generated by its motion.
Potential energy means that the processor has the ability to perform work but is not doing it at the moment. |
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What are the three states of matter and how are the different?
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Solid, liquid, gas.
Main difference is amount of energy that each molecule has. Gas has lots of energy, molecules are moving around very quickly. |
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Name the processes that change these states
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S - Sublimation
D - Deposition M - Melting F - Freezing E - Evaporation C - Condensation |
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What is Sublimation and Deposition?
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Sublimation is solid to gas
Deposition is gas to solid |
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What is melting and freezing?
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Melting is solid to liquid
Freezing is liquid to solid |
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What is evaporation and condensation?
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Evaporation is liquid to gas
Condensation is gas to liquid |
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What is a physical property?
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Characteristic that can be measured without affecting the compound. colour, shape, density
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What is a chemical property?
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Describes the way a compound undergoes or resists change to form a new substance. eg combustion
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What is an element?
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A primary substance, cannot be broken down into anything smaller.
Eg carbon |
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What is a compound?
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A mixture of elements in fixed proportions.
eg water, glucose |
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What is a mixture?
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Two or more compounds mixed together.
eg sugar in water |
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What does milli, mega and micro mean?
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milli means 10-3
mega means 103 micro means 10-6 |
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Electrons
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Fly around the nucleus in orbitals
have a negative charge enable elements to form bonds with other elements |
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Protons
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help make up the nucleus
positive charge amount of protons = atomic number of element |
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Neutrons
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Make up nucleus with protons
have no charge |
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Mass of an element
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Mass = weight
number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
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Atomic Number of an element
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number of protons an element has.
change number of protons you change the element. |
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Isotopes
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Same elements, different weights. Different numbers of neutrons.
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What are halogens?
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Group 7 on the periodic table, have 7 valence electrons.
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What are noble gases?
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Group 8 on periodic table, have 8 valence electrons. Does not bond.
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Difference between total number of electrons and number of valence electrons?
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Valance electrons are found in unfinished s and p orbitals.
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How many electrons does chlorine have?
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17 total electrons, only 7 valence electrons.
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What is the octet rule? which group already follows this?
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Octet rule states that elements prefer to form bonds so as to attain an octet configuration, i.e. have 8 electrons in their valence shell.
Noble gases follow this. |
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the difference between Lewis dot diagram and Lewis dot structure?
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Lewis dot structure shows all valence electrons as dots around the symbol of the element.
Lewis dot diagram: bonding electrons between elements shown as a line for each two electrons. |
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What is a cation and how is one formed?
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A cation - a molecule or element with a positive charge due to losing an electron to follow the octet rule. More protons than electrons.
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How is an anion and how is one formed?
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An element or molecule that has a negative charge due to gaining an electron in order to follow the octet rule. More electrons that protons.
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What bonds do cations and anions form and what holds them together?
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They form ionic bonds.
Elements are held together by electrostatic charge (positive and negative charges) No shared electrons. |
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What is a covalent bond?
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Formed when elements share electrons. (Co- Valence).
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Non-polar covalent bond
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Electrons shared evenly between the two elements.
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Polar covalent bond
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electrons are shared unevenly between the elements.
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How can you tell when an ionic, polar or non-polar covalent bond will be formed?
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Can be calculated from the differences in electronegativity for each element.
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What is a non-bonding electron?
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A valence electron that is not shared with another element.
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What is formula weight?
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Total of the weights of all elements present in a molecule or compound.
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What is a mole?
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Formula weight of a compound or element expressed in grams.
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What is an endothermic reaction?
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Needs energy out in to it for the reaction to occur. Heat or energy is on the left of a reaction equation,
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What is an exothermic reaction?
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Gives out energy when a reaction occurs. heat or energy are on the right of a chemical reaction.
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What factors influence reaction rates?
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Temperature - Increased temperature, increased reaction rate (increased kinetic energy of molecules)
Reactant concentration- More reactant, faster rate. |
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What is Le Chatelier's principle and how does it affect chemical equilibruim of a reaction?
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Le Chatelier's principle discusses how the equilibrium will change if you make a change to the amount of reactant or product that is present. The reaction will go more in one direction than the other until equilibrium is re-established.
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What causes gas pressure?
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Molecules hitting the sides of the container they are in.
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What is partial pressure?
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Pressure of each different type of gas that is present. Each gas exerts its own pressure.
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What is the ideal gas law?
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PV=nRT
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What is a hydrogen bond, where does it occur?
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When hydrogen combines with oxygen to form an electrostatic bond.
Occurs when polar molecules are dissolved in polar molecules. |
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What is a solvent?
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Main part of a solution.
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What is a solute?
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The smaller part of a solution.
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What does concentration mean for solutions?
What affects the concentration? |
Ratio of solute to solvent
Affected by polarity, temperature and particle size. |
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what is a solution? is it hetergeneous or homogeneous?
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A solution - Moxture of two or more substances that are still themselves. Homogeneous, cannot see any particles
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what is a colloid? is it hetergeneous or homogeneous?
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A colloid - Homogeneous mixture that has particulates. Generally not transparent, will not settle if left standing.
(size of particulates, less dense than solution it is in) |
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what is a suspension? is it hetergeneous or homogeneous?
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A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture, particulates will settle is left standing around.
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What effect will the following solutions have of blood cells?
(think a&p) |
Isotonic - No effect, solution has same osmolarity than plasma.
Hypotonic - will burst, solution has lower osmolarity than plasma. Hypertonic - Shrivel up, solution has higher osmolarity than plasma. |
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What is the difference between an acid and a base according to Arrhenius?
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Acids - produce hydronium ions (H3O+) in water.
Bases - produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in water. |
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What is the difference between an acid an a base according to Bronsted-lowry?
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Acid - can donate a proton (H+)
Base - Can accept a proton from another substance. |
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What is a conjugate acid?
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Is the acid that is formed when a base accepts a proton.
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What does monoprotic, diprotic and triprotic mean?
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Monoprotic - an acid that has one proton that each molecule that can give away.
Diprotic - An acid that has two protons that each molecule can give away Triprotic - An acid that has three protons that each molecule can give away. |
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What does amphiprotic? what is it used for?
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Amphiprotic means it can both donate and accept a proton. in our body this is bicarbonate, one of the main buffers in our blood.
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What is a neutralization reaction? what is formed during this reaction?
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When an acid and a base react together to form water and salt.
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What is pH? pH range and terms acidic and basic?
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pH is the amount of protons present in a solution. Range from 1 to 14.
7 is neutral. Below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic. |
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What is a buffer?
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A solution that prevents major changes in pH when an acid or base is added to the solution.
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What is a hydrocarbon?
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Molecular compounds that consist of only carbon and hydrogen.
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What is a hydrocarbon derivative?
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Molecular compound that consists of carbon hydrogen and another element, such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus.
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What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon?
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Refers to the number of hydrogens that each carbon has attached to it.
c-c single bonds, alkane, saturated. c=c double or triple bonds, unsaturated, Alkynes and alkenes |
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How many bonds must a carbon atom have?
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Each carbon must have four bonds.
(Has four valence electrons, needs four more to follow octet rule |
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Difference between molecular formula and structural formula?
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Molecular formula - Shows how many of each molecule are present but not how they are bonded.
Structural formula - Shows how each element relates to each other |
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What is a constitutional isomer?
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Compounds with same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
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State the difference between alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
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Are all hydrocarbons.
Alkane - only single carbon to carbon bond. Alkene - one or more double carbon to carbon bonds Alkyne - one or more triple carbon to carbon bonds. |
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Are alkanes polar or non polar?
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Generally polar.
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What Chemical reactions do alkanes undergo?
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Very combustible, burning to form carbon dioxide, water and heat.
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What is a functional group?
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The group on a compound that gives it its properties.
An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a set of predictable physical and chemical properties. |
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Name the major functional groups
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Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, amides, carboxylic acids, ester and ethers.
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