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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a physical change? |
A physical change is when a substance remains as the same substance however it may change state or form. The particles of the substance stay the same even though it may change position. |
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What is a chemical change? |
A chemical change is when a substance changed into one or more substance. The new substance will have different properties than the original substance and the change is difficult to reverse. |
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What is some evidence of a physical change? |
- Changes of state - Dissolving - Changes in the substance are "easy to reverse"
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What is some evidence of a chemical change? |
- Production of a new substance - A new permanent colour change appears - Heat or light is given off - Bubbles of gas are formed - A solid material called precipitate is formed in a liquid - Energy is required |
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What is the difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture? |
Homogeneous (or solution) : One visible phase Heterogeneous: More than 1 visible phase |
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What is the difference between a pure substance and a mixture? |
Pure substance: Only one kind of atom or molecule. (element of compound) Mixture: A number of different substances mixed together. (homogeneous or heterogeneous) |
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What is the difference between a solution and a homogeneous mixture? |
A homogeneous mixture and a solution are both the same things. |
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What's the difference between an element and a compound? |
An element is an atom or molecule made of a single type of atom. A compound is a molecule made of two or more different elements. (chemically bonded) |
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What's the difference between a solvent and a solute? |
A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute. |
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What's the difference between an alloy and a solution? |
There isn't one. An alloy is a type of solution. |
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What's the difference between an atom and a molecule? |
Atom: The smallest unit of a substance (only one element) Molecule: More than one atom bonded together. |
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What do the group numbers on the periodic table of elements tell us about all the elements in that column? (GROUPS) |
All members of a group have the same amount of electrons in the outer energy level. These outer electrons are called valence electrons. |
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What is the same about all of the elements in the same row of a table? (PERIODS) |
All of the elements in a period have the same number of atomic orbitals. |
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Why is the difference between an atom and an ion? |
An atom is neutral, and an ion is not (ions have a charge). |
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What is the charge for all metal ions? Non metal ions? |
Metal ions have a positive charge (cation). Non metal ions have a negative charge (anion). |
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What is the law of conservation of mass? |
- Mass of the reactants = mass of the products. - Mass cannot be created or destroyed. |
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What is the stable octet rule? |
In a chemical reaction atoms will react to form ions that have the same electron configuration as a noble gas. |
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What is a polyatomic ion? |
A group of atoms that have a charge. (An ion that is composed of more than one atom) |
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How do you write a chemical formula for compounds with a polyatomic ion? |
1) Use the periodic table to identify the charge of each ion. 2) Using the cross over method, take the amount of charge (ignoring the charge) from the non-metal polyatomic ion and make this the subscript of the metal (cation) in your formula, then visa versa. Use brackets around the polyatomic ion. 3) Simplify if necessary. |
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What is a multivalent metal? |
It is a metal that has more than one ion charge that can be found in the periodic table. These elements can form different ions, depending on the chemical reaction they undergo. To distinguish between ions, a Roman numeral is written after the name of the metal. |
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How do you write a chemical formula for compound with a multivalent metal? |
1) Add the charges sign for each ion. 2) Check to see if the charges are correct. 3) If they are not correct, something was reduced and you need to reverse the reduction. 4) Write the compound name using Roman numerals and ensure the non-metal (anion) has the appropriate -ide ending. |
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How do you write a chemical formula for binary ionic compounds? |
1) Write the ions beside eachother. 2) Take the amount of charge (ignoring the sign) from the non metal (anion) ad make this the subscript of the metal (cation) in your formula. 3) Take the amount of charge (ignoring the sign) from the metal (cation) and make this the subscript of the non metal (anion) in your formula. |
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How do you name binary ionic compounds? |
1) First part of the name always identifies the positive ion (metal cation). 2) Second part of the name always identifies the negative ion (non metal anion). The name of the non metal always ends with the suffix -ide. |
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What are covalent compounds composed of? |
Two or more different non-metals. It forms when atoms share a pair of electrons from a covalent bond. |
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What are the prefixes used when naming a binary covalent compound? |
mono: 1 di: 2 tri: 3 tetra: 4 penta: 5 hexa: 6 hepta: 7 octa: 8 |
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How do you name a binary covalent compound? |
1) If the first element is single, it does not require a prefix. 2) The second element always requires a prefix and an -ide ending. 3) If both elements are multiple (or the second element is single) then both elements in the compound require a prefix. |
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How do you write a word equation? |
In a word equation the name of the reactant is written to the left of the arrow, and the products go to the right. A "plus" sign on the reactant side means reacts with. A "plus" sign on the product side mean and. The arrow stands for reacts to produce. |
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Whats the difference between an ionic and molecular/covalent compound? |
Ionic: Made of a metal and a non-metal, opposite charges so they attract Molecular/Covalent: Only non-metals, share electrons |
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What is a synthesis reaction? |
A synthesis reaction is a chemical reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a new product. (A + B = AB) |
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What is a decomposition reaction? |
A decomposition reaction is a chemical reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more product. (AB = A + B) The reactant will always be a compound. |
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What is a single displacement reaction? |
The replacement (or displacement) of one or more element in a compound for another one element. Ex. 1) A + BC = AC + B (where A is a metal) 2) A + BC = BA + C (where A is a non metal) |
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What does the activity series help you determine? What is the exception when it comes to hydrogen? |
It helps you determine the reactivity of metals. A more reactive metal will displace or replace a metal in a compound that is below it in the activity series. Exception : A metal can take the place of hydrogen in a compound. |
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What is a double displacement reaction? What do these reactions (of aqueous solutions) usually result in? |
A double displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which the positive ions of two compounds change places and form two new compounds. These reactions (of aqueous solutions) usually result in precipitate as one of the products. AB + CD = AD + CB (2 ionic pairs) (A & C are cations, B & D are anions) |
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What is a complete combustion reaction? |
In a complete combustion, the reactant burns in oxygen, producing a limited number of products. When a hydrocarbon burns in oxygen, the reaction will primarily yield carbon dioxide and water. |
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What are the differences between complete and incomplete combustion? |
Complete : - Hydrocarbon is burned in plenty of oxygen - There are only two products in a complete combustion reaction (carbon dioxide & water) Incomplete: - When the amount of oxygen is limited - Carbon dioxide and water are produce as well as carbon monoxide, soot, etc. |
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What is an acid? |
An acid is often defined as a compound that produces hydrogen ions, H+ when it dissolves in water. Ex. HCl = H + Cl |
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What is a binary acid composed of? How do you name binary acids? |
A binary acid is composed of 2 elements - a hydrogen and a non-metal. They are often sour and astringent. To name binary acids: 1) Write the root of the non-metal 2) Add the prefix hydro- to the root name. 3) Add the ending -ic acid to the root name. |
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What are 4 examples of binary acids? |
HF (aq) : Hydrofluoric acid HCl (aq) : Hydrochloric acid HBr (aq) : Hydrobromic acid Hl (aq) : Hydroiodic acid
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What is a base? What happens when a base is dissolved in water? |
A base is often composed of metal ions and hydroxide ions. Bases are often bitter tasting and slippery. When a base is dissolved in water the hydroxide ions separate from one another and hydroxide ions are released into the water through a process called dissociation. |
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What are three examples of bases? |
NaOH : Sodium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 : Magnesium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 : Calcium hydroxide |
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What are oxoacids? How do you name them? |
Oxoacids are composed of hydrogen, oxygen and another element. Naming them: 1) Write the name of the anion without the -ate or -ite ending 2) If the anion ended in -ate, replace it with -ic. 3) If the anion ended in -ite, replace it with -ous. 4) Add the word acid |
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What are 6 examples of oxoacids? |
H₂SO₄ : Sulfuric acid H₂SO₃: Sulfurous acid HNO₃ : Nitric acid H₃PO₄ : Phosphic acid HClO₃ : Chloric acid H₂CO₃ : Carbonate acid |
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What is acid base neutralization? |
Neutralization is the reaction of an acid and a base to form salt and water. HB + XOH = XB + H2O |
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What are antacids? |
Antacids are designed to neutralize an acid. Antacid bases help increase the pH of the acid and neutralize its effect. |
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What is the pH scale? |
The pH scale is a scale that ranges from 0 to 14, which is used to classify substances as acidic, basic, or neutral. Acidic: pH<7 (more hydrogen ions than hydroxide) Basic: pH>7 (more hydroxide ions than hydrogen) Neutral: pH=7 (equal hydrogen & hydroxide ions) |
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What is litmus paper? |
Litmus paper is a pH indicator that changes colour at particular pH values or ranges. Blue litmus paper turns run in an acid and red litmus paper turns blue in a basic solution. In a neutral solution, neither type of litmus paper changes colour. |
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Do bases react with bases? Do metals react with acids? What can phenolphthalein and bromothymol blue be used to indicate? |
Bases do not react with bases. Metals do react with acids. Phenolphthalein and bromothymol can be used as acid indicators. |
