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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chemistry
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the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
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Hypothesis
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a proposed explanation for an observation
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Matter
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anything that has mass and occupies space
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Manipulated Variable
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the variable that is changed during an experiment; also called independent variable.
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Responding Variable
(dependent) |
the variable that is observed during an experiment; also called the defendant variable
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Scientific Method
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a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem. Making Observations, Testing Hypothesis, Developing Conclusions
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Chemical Change
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a change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter
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Chemical Property
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the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change
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Chemical Reaction
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a change in which one or more reactants change into one or more products
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Chemical Symbol
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a one- or two-letter representation of an element
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Compound
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a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion
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Distillation
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a process used to separate dissolved solids from a liquid, which is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid
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Element
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the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties; an element cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
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Extensive Property
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a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
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Filtration
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a process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
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Gas
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a form of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container; a gas has no definite shape or volume
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Heterogeneous Mixture
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a mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture
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Homogeneous Mixture
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a mixture that is uniform in composition; components are evenly distributed and not easily distinguished
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Intensive Property
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a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
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Law of Conservation and Mass
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in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved; mass can be neither created nor destroyed.
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Liquid
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a form of matter that flows, has a fixed volume, and an indefinite shape
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Mass
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a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains; the SI base unit of mass is the kilogram
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Mixture
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a physical blend of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
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Physical Change
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a change during which some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change
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Precipitate
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a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
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Product
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a substance produced in a chemical reaction
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Reactant
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a substance present at the start of a reaction
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Solid
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a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume
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Solution
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a homogeneous mixture; consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent
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Substance
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matter that has a uniform and definite composition; either an element or a compound; also called pure substance
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Vapor
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describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or a solid at room temperature
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Volume
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a measure of the space occupied by a sample of matter
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Absolute Zero
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the zero point on the kelvin scale
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Accepted Value
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a quantity used by general agreement of the scientific community
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Accuracy
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the closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is being measured
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Conversion Factor
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a ratio of equivalent measurments used to convert a quantity from one unit to another
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Density
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the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume
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Atom
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the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction
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Atomic Mass
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the weighted average of the masses equal to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom
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Atomic Number
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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
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Cathode Ray
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a stream of electrons produced at the negative electrode (cathode) of a tube containing a gas at low pressure
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Dalton's atomic theory
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the first theory to relate chemical changes to events at the atomic level
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Electron
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a negatively charged subatomic particle
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Isotopes
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atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses due to a different number of electrons
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Neutron
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a subatomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1 amu; found in the nucleus of an atom
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Proton
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a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
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Period
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a horizontal row elements in the periodic table
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Periodic Table
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an arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties
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Atomic Orbital
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a mathematical expression describing the probability of finding an electron at various locations
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Aufbau Principle
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the rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first
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Electron Configuration
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the arrangement of electrons of an atom in its ground state into various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms
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Energy Levels
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the specific energies an electron in an atom or other system can have
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Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
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it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time
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Quantum Mechanical Model
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the modern description, primarily mathematical, of the behavior of electrons
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Hund's Rule
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electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number or electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
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an atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin direction
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Quantum
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the amount of energy needed to move an electron from one energy level to another
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