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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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VSEPR |
Valence Shell electron pair repulsion model |
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hybridization |
the process of orbital mixing |
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Hybrid Orbitals |
the new atomic orbitals formed from two or three different types of orbitals (s,p,d) # of hybrid orbitals = # of atomic orbitals mixed |
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Valence Bond Theory |
covalent bonds form when orbitals of two atoms overlap overlap region must contain a pair of electrons |
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Pauli Exclusion Principle (Opposing spins of the bonding electrons - ) |
2 electrons with opposite spins |
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Maximum Overlap of Orbitals |
The greater the orbital overlap, the more stable and stronger the bond. |
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals |
different atomic orbitals used to account for bond angles and shapes of molecules. |
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Mode |
orientation of how the hybrid orbitals overlap with each other or orbitals of bonded atoms |
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sigma bond |
end-to-end overlap highest electron density located along the bond axis free rotation |
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pi bond |
bond formed by the overlap of two regions above and below the plane of molecule (p orbitals) side to side overlap orbital overlap will be disturbed if molecule is rotated, breaking bond |
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Cis |
similar atoms on the same side |
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Trans |
similar atoms are on opposite sides |
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isomers |
two different arrangements of the same molecule |
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Stoichiometric Amounts |
Exact Proportions indicated by the balanced chemical equation |
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Limiting Reagant |
Reactant used up first in the reaction |
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Theoretical Yield |
amount of product that would result if all the limiting reagant reacted MAX obtainable result |
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Actual Yield |
amount of product actually obtained from a reaction |
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solution |
homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances |
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solute |
substance present in the smaller amount |
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solvent |
substance present in the larger amount |
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Equilibrium |
state in which there are no observable changes as time goes by |
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Chemical equilibrium |
rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant |
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electrolyte |
substance that when dissolved in water results in a solution that can conduct electricity |
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nonelectrolyte |
substance that when dissolved results in a solution that does not conduct electricity |
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strong electrolyte |
100% dissociation |
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weak electrolyte |
not completely dissociated |
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NON ELECTROLYTES |
most carbon compounds, fats sugars, alcohols CH3OH C2H5OH C6H12O6 C12H22O11 |
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Dilution |
procedure of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution MV = MV |
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titration |
a solution of accurately known concentration is added gradually to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete |
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Equivalence Point |
the point at which the reaction is complete |
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Indicator |
substance that changes color at or near the equivalence point |
