Chemistry/chemistry Of Water

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Physical Properties

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Can be measured or observed without changing the matter ex. folding paper, melting ice

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Chemical Properties

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are only observed by changing the chemical property of the matter ex. burning wood, rust on car bumper

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solid

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state of matter with least amount of energy, atoms move about a fixed point

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liquid

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atoms packed tightly, have more KE than solid

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gas

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atoms spread out as far as possible

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plasma

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atoms have the most KE, where nuclei of atoms are split

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atom

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smallest unit of matter

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element

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composed of the same type of atom, 90 naturally occurring, 25 essential

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molecule

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composed of 2 or more atoms chemically combined

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compound

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composed of 2 or more elements chemically combined example Water (H2O) and Salt (NaCl)

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neutron

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neutrally charged particle in nucleus

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proton

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positively charged particle in nucleus equals atomic number and # of electrons in neutral atom

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Electron

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negatively charged particle found on energy levels outside of nucleus, equals the number of protons in a neutral atom

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mass number

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protons + neutrons

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isotope

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atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, radioactive isotopes used to treat cancer

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ion

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electrically charged particle, either missing an electron or has more electrons

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Ionic Bonding

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transfer of electrons from one atom to another ex. NaCl forms

cations - positive particle

anions - negative particle

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Covalent bonding

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formed when atoms share an electron pair, can be single, double or triple,

ex. Water, polar covalent bond

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Polarity

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Makes water a good solvent, Water universal solvent

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Mixture

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2 or more elements/compounds evenly distributed but not chemically combined

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homogeneous mixture

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mixture that does not show its identity of its compounds

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heterogeneous mixture

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mixture that shows its identity of its compounds

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Solutions

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uniformly dissolved, usually see through (homogeneous)

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Suspensions

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large clumps of molecules floating or suspended in a liquid example blood or milk (both homogeneous)

ex. heterogeneous suspension ex. Italian salad dressing

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Solvent

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substance doing the dissolving

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Solute

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Substance being dissolved

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Cohesion

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causes surface tension in water, caused by hydrogen bonding, allows insects to walk on water

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Adhesion

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allows water to creep up tubes in plants, caused by capillary action

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Water expands when frozen

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less dense when it forms ice, helps make soil

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High heat of Vaporization

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Water evaporates slowly, helps organism keep water, maintains stable climate

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Water resist a change in temperature

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Water has a high specific heat, allows us to maintain our body tempurature

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Hydrogen bonding

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weak bond, attraction between water molecules that allows cohesion and adhesion

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reactants and products

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reactants - chemicals mixed to form new substances (products)

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dissociate

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when ionic compounds dissolve in water

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Acids

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Produce H+, hydrogen ions, also called hydronium ion in solution

taste sour, are 0 - below 7 on pH scale.

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Base

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Produce OH-, hydroxide ion, feel slippery, are above 7 -14 on the pH scale