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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS |
-made from carbon & hydrogen atoms -may also contain other nonmetals~ oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or a halogen -often found in gasoline, medicines, shampoos, plastics & perfumes |
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PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS |
-covalent bonds -low melting & boiling points -flammable & undergo com ustion -sent stable in water |
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INORGANIC COMPOUNDS |
-high melting & melting points -ionic, stable in water & don't burn in air |
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HYDROCARBONS |
-organic compounds, only contain carbon & hydrogen -every carbon has 4 hydrogen bonds SATURATED HYDROCARBONS -contain only single bonds |
PICTURE |
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CONFIRMATIONS OF ALKANES |
carbon atoms in a chain connected by single C-C bonds -can rotate, so groups attached to each carbon move frely -can have different arrangements |
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ALKANE REPRESENTATION |
helax molecule can be represented in several ways -molecular formula -ball and stick model -expanded structural formula -condensed structural formula -skeletal formula |
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CYCLOALKANES |
-cyclic alkanes -two fewer hydrogen atoms than the open chain form -named by using prefix cyclo before the name of the alkane chain with the same number of carbon atoms |
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ALKANES WITH SUBSTITUTENTS |
Substituent- atoms or groups of atoms attached to the carbon chain & include alkyl & halo groups Alkyl Groups- groups of carbons atoms attached to carbon chains Halo Substituent- halogen atoms attached to carbon chain |
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STRUCTURAL ISOMERS |
-same molecular formula with different arrangement of atoms -same number of atoms bonded in a different order |
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SOLUBILITY & DENSITY OF ALKANES |
-nonpolar -insoluble in water -less dense than water -flammable in air -found in crude oil |
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COMBUSTION OF ALKANES |
with strong C-C bonds -react with oxygen gas to make carbon dioxide & water in combustion reactions -release energy when C-C bonds are broken in combustion reactions |
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ALKENES & ALKYNES |
Families of hydrocarbons -contain double & triple bonds, respectively -called unsaturated hydrocarbons because they don't contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms -react with hydrogen gas to increase number of hydrogen atoms & become alkanes |
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IDENTIFYING ALKENES |
contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds -each carbon atom in the double bond is attached to two hydrogen atoms & have a trigonal planar arrangement with bond angles of 120° |
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IDENTIFYING ALKYNES |
contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds -each carbon atom in the triple bond has a linear arrangement with angles of 180° |
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CYCLOALKENES |
have a double bond within a ring structure -named by assigning the double bond to be between carbon 1 & 2 when a substitutent is on the ring |
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CIS-TRANS ISOMERS |
the atoms or groups of atoms attached to the carbon atoms on the double bond may form two different structures, also called geometric -have different physical & chemical properties |
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CIS & TEAND ISOMERS |
In an alkene, the double bond -rigid & doesn't rotate -holds attached groups in fixed positions -makes cis-trans possible when two different groups are attached to the carbon atoms on each side of double bond |
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CIS-TRANS ISOMERS OF BUTENE |
CIS ISOMERS- alkyl groups are attached on the same side of double bond & H atoms are on the other side TRANS ISOMERS- groups & H atoms are attached on opposite side of double bond |
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PHEROMONES |
-warn an insect of danger -mark a trail -atract the opposite sex Effectiveness depends on the cis or trans configuration on double bond in molecule |
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ADDITION REACTIONS |
In alkenes & alkynes, double & triple bonds are -very reactive, adding H-H or H-OH to the carbons in the double or triple bonds -easily broken, providing to form new bonds |
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HYDROGENATION OF OILS |
-hydrogenation is used to convert the double bond in vegetable oils to saturated fats Adding H2 to double bonds in vegetable oils produces -compounds with higher melting points -solids at room temperature |
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HYDRATION REACTIONS |
An alkene reacts with water, H-OH to form alcohol -Markovnikov's Rule: a hydrogen atom from wager forms a bond with carbon atom in double bond with more hydrogen atoms -the -OH from water forms a bond with second carbon atom in double bond with fewer hydrogen atoms |
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AROMATIC COMPOUND |
-ring of six C atoms, each bonded to one H atom -flat ring structure drawn with three alternating double bonds -represented by two structures because the electrons are shared equally among all the C atoms |
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