Chemistry Chapter 4 Vocab

Front 1

solution

Back 1

homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Front 2

solute

Back 2

substance present in a smaller amount in a solution

Front 3

solvent

Back 3

substance present in a larger amount in a solution

Front 4

aqueous solution

Back 4

the solute initially is a liquid or a solid and the solvent is water

Front 5

electrolyte

Back 5

substance that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity

Front 6

nonelectrolyte

Back 6

substance that does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Front 7

hydration

Back 7

the process in which an ion is surrounded by water molecules arranged in a specific manner

Front 8

reversible reaction

Back 8

a reaction that can occur in both directions, denoted by a double arrow

Front 9

precipitation reaction

Back 9

results in the formation of an insoluble product, or precipitate

Front 10

precipitate

Back 10

an insoluble solid that separates from the solution

Front 11

metathesis reaction (double-displacement reaction)

Back 11

a reaction that involves the exchange of parts between the two compounds

Front 12

solubility

Back 12

the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature

Front 13

molecular equation

Back 13

the formulas of the compounds are written as though all species existed as molecules or whole units

Front 14

ionic equation

Back 14

shows dissolved species as free ions

Front 15

net ionic equation

Back 15

shows only the species that actually take part in the reaction

Front 16

Bronsted acid

Back 16

proton donor

Front 17

Bronsted base

Back 17

proton acceptor

Front 18

monoprotic acids

Back 18

each unit of the acid yields one hydrogen ion upon ionization

Front 19

diprotic acid

Back 19

each unit of the acid gives up two hydrogen ions in two separate steps

Front 20

triprotic acids

Back 20

yields three hydrogen ions

Front 21

neutralization reaction

Back 21

reaction between an acid and a base

Front 22

salt

Back 22

ionic compound made up of a cation other than hydrogen and anion other than hyrdoxide or O^2-

Front 23

oxidation-reduction (redox reaction)

Back 23

electronic transfer reactions

Front 24

half-reaction

Back 24

explicitly shoes the electrons involved in a redox reaction

Front 25

oxidation reaction

Back 25

half-reaction that involves the loss of electrons

Front 26

reduction reaction

Back 26

half-reaction that involves gain of electrons

Front 27

reducing agent

Back 27

donates electrons

Front 28

oxidizing agent

Back 28

accepts electrons

Front 29

oxidation number (oxidation state)

Back 29

signifies the number of charges the atom would have in a molecule (or ionic compound) if electrons were transferred completely

Front 30

combination reaction

Back 30

reaction in which 2 or more substances combine to form a single product

Front 31

decomposition reaction

Back 31

the breakdown of a compound into 2 or more components

Front 32

combustion reaction

Back 32

a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen, usually with the release of heat and light to produce a flame

Front 33

displacement reaction

Back 33

an ion (or atom) in a compound is replaced by an ion (or atom) of another element

Front 34

activity series

Back 34

a convenient summary of the results of many possible displacement reactions

Front 35

disproportionation reaction

Back 35

an element in one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced

Front 36

concentration of a solution

Back 36

amount of solute present in a given amount of solvent, or a given amount of solution

Front 37

molarity (M)

Back 37

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Front 38

quantitative analysis

Back 38

the determination of the amount or concentration of a substance in a sample

Front 39

gravimetric analysis

Back 39

an analytical technique based on the measurement of mass

Front 40

titration

Back 40

a standard solution is added gradually to another solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions in complete

Front 41

standard solution

Back 41

solution of accurately known concentration

Front 42

equivalence point

Back 42

the point at which the acid has completely reacted with or been neutralized by the base

Front 43

indicators

Back 43

substances that have distinctly different colors in acidic and basic media