Chemistry Chapter 21

Front 1

Carbohydrate

Back 1

A member of a large class of naturally occurring polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.

Front 2

Monosaccharide (simple sugar)

Back 2

A carb with three to seven carbon atoms, with a ketone group or aldehyde group and a -CH20H group at the other end.

Front 3

Aldose

Back 3

A monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde carbonyl group.

Front 4

Ketose

Back 4

A monosaccharide that contains a ketone carbonyl group on the 2nd carbon of the chain.

Front 5

Possible # of stereoisomers in n chiral carbon atoms

Back 5

2^n

Front 6

Fischer projection

Back 6

Structure that represents chiral carbon atoms as the intersections of two lines, with the horizontal lines representing bonds pointing out of the page and the vertical lines representing bonds pointing behind the page.

Front 7

D Sugar

Back 7

Monosaccharide with the -OH group on the chiral carbon atom farthest from the carbonyl group pointing to the right in a Fischer projection.

Front 8

L Sugar

Back 8

Monosaccharide with the -OH group on the chiral carbon atom farthest from the carbonyl group pointing to the left in a Fischer projection.

Front 9

Anomer

Back 9

Cyclic sugars that differ only in positions of substituents at the hemiacetal carbon.

Front 10

Anomeric carbon atom

Back 10

The hemiacetal Carbon atom in a cyclic sugar; the Carbon atom bonded to an -OH group and an O in the ring.

Front 11

Galactose

Back 11

Converted to glucose to provide energy and is synthesized from glucose as needed. Only differs from glucose in the orientation of the OH group at Carbon 4.

Front 12

Fructose

Back 12

One of the two monosaccharides in sucrose. Is ketohexose rather than aldohexose; forms five-membered rings.

Front 13

Ribose and 2-Deoxyribose

Back 13

Most important sugars as parts of larger biomolecules. Ribose is part of RNA and deoxyribose is part of DNA. Both are ketoses.

Front 14

Reducing sugar

Back 14

A carb that reacts in basic solution with a mild oxidizing agent. In basic solution, all monosaccharides, whether aldoses or ketoses, are reducing sugars.

Front 15

Glycoside

Back 15

A cyclic acetal formed by reaction of a monosaccharide with an alcohol, accompanied by loss of water. Not reducing sugars.

Front 16

Glycosidic bond

Back 16

Bond between the anomeric carbon atom of a monosaccharide and an -OR group.

Front 17

1,4 Link

Back 17

A glycosidic link between the hemiacetal hydroxyl group at C1 of one sugar and the hydroxyl group at C4 of another sugar.

Front 18

Maltose

Back 18

Degradation of starch. Two a-D-glucose molecules are joined in maltose by an a-1,4 link.

Front 19

Lactose

Back 19

Major carb in mammalian milk, composed of D-galactose and D-glucose connected by a B-1,4 link.

Front 20

Lactose intolerance

Back 20

The enzyme lactase is not expressed in the intestine. The lactose isn't hydrolyzed, but intestinal bacteria metabolize it to produce lactate. The MCM tells lactose gene to turn on/off. If MCM is off, we can drink milk. When on, no enzyme is produced. Mutations cause MCM to stay off.

Front 21

Sucrose

Back 21

Dissacharide with glucose and fructose. No hemiacetal group because 1,2 link joins both anomeric C atoms, so not reducing sugar.

Front 22

B-D-Glucuronate

Back 22

Glucose with carboxyl acid group instead of CH2OH group.

Front 23

B-D-Glucosamine

Back 23

Glucose with 2-Carbon hydroxyl group an amine group instead.

Front 24

N-Acetyl-B-D-Glucosamine

Back 24

Glucose with an Acetyl attached to an amine group attached to 2-Carbon instead of a hydroxyl group.

Front 25

Chitin

Back 25

Shells of insects, second most abundant polysaccharide in the natural world.

Front 26

Mucopolysaccharide

Back 26

Matrix for connective tissues.

Front 27

Hyaluronate

Back 27

Forms synovial fluid, degrades w/ age.

Front 28

Chondrotin 6-sulfate

Back 28

Present in tendons and cartilage, where it's linked to proteins, degrades with age.

Front 29

Heparin

Back 29

Anticoagulant, contains sulfate groups

Front 30

Glycoprotein

Back 30

Contains short carb chains; attached to cell membrane, recognizes cell as "self."

Front 31

Cellulose

Back 31

Consists of glucose molecules connected by B-1,4 linkage; cannot be digested in the body.

Front 32

Starch and Glycogen repeating unit.

Back 32

Consists of glucose molecules connected by a-1,4 linkage; can be digested in the body.

Front 33

Amylose

Back 33

Unbranched, coiled in helixes, somewhat soluble, makes water cloudy when you boil potatoes, 20% of starch.

Front 34

Amylopectin

Back 34

80% of starch, has larger molecules than amylose, has a-1,6 branches every 25 units, not water soluble.

Front 35

Glycogen

Back 35

Animal starch, serves energy storage in animals in liver and muscles. Similar structure to amylopectin, but has many more branches. Glucose is converted to glycogen and vice-versa.