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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Element |
The simplest type of matter with unique physical and chemical properties |
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Molecule |
An independent structure of two or more atoms bound together |
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Compound |
An independent structure of two or more different elements that are bonded chemically |
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Mixture |
Two or more substances that are physically intermingled, not chemically combined |
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Law of mass conservation |
The total mass of substances does not change during a chemical reaction |
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Law of definite (or constant) composition |
No matter what its source, a particular compound is composed of the same elements in the same parts (fractions) by mass |
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Fraction by mass (mass fraction) |
The part of the compound's mass that each element contributes |
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Percent by mass (mass %) |
The fraction by mass expressed as a percentage (multiplied by 100) |
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Law of multiple proportions |
If elements A and B react to form two compounds, the different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers |
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Atoms |
Tiny indivisible units of an element that cannot be created or destroyed |
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Nucleus |
The tiny, center region that contains all the positive charge and essentially all the mass of the atom |
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Proton |
Positively charged component of an atom |
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Neutron |
A neutral component of an atom |
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Electron |
A negatively charged component of an atom |
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Atomic number |
The number of protons in an atom' s nucleus |
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Mass number |
The total number of protons and neutrons |
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Atomic symbol |
A 1 or 2 letter symbol of an element based on its English, Latin, or Greek name |
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Isotopes |
Atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons |
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Atomic mass unit (amu) |
1/12 the mass of A carbon-12 element |
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Dalton (Da) |
Renaming of the atomic mass unit |
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Mass spectrometry |
A method for measuring the relative masses and abundances of atomic-scale particles very precisely |
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Isotopic mass |
The relative mass of an isotope of an element |
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Atomic mass (Atomic weight) |
The average of the masses of an element's naturally occurring isotopes weighted according to their abundances |
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Periodic table of elements |
An organizing scheme of elements organized on a table by increasing atomic number (formerly atomic mass) |
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Periods |
Horizontal rows on the periodic table |
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Groups |
Vertical columns |
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Metals |
Lower-left portion of the periodic table, generally shiny solids at room temp that heat and electricity well and can be tooled into sheets (malleable) and wires (ductile) |
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Nonmetals |
The small upper right portion of the periodic table that are generally gases or dull, brittle solids at room tempurature that conduct heat and electricity well |
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Metalloids (semimetals) |
Lie along the staircase line of the periodic table and have properties between those of metals and nonmetals |
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Ionic compounds |
One element transfers an electron to another element in order to become a new substance |
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Covalent compounds |
Electrons are shared between elements in order to form a new substance |
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Chemical bonds |
Forces that hold the atoms together in a compound |
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Ions |
Charged particles that form when an atom (or small group of atoms) gains or loses one or more electrons |
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Binary ionic compound |
Composed of two elements |
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Cation |
A positively charged ion |
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Anion |
A negatively charged ion |
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Monatomic ion |
A cation or anion derived from a single atom |
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Covalent bond |
A pair of electrons mutually attracted by the two nuclei |
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Formula unit |
The relative numbers of cations anions in the compound |
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Oxoanions |
An element (usually a nonmetal) is bonded to one or more oxygen atoms |
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Hydrates |
Ionic compounds with a specific number of water molecules in each formula unit |
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Binary covalent compounds |
Typically formed by the combination of two nonmetals |
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Molecular mass (Molecular weight) |
The sum of atomic masses of one formula unit of a compound |
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Formula mass |
The mass of one formula unit of an ionic compound (as opposed to molecules) |
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Heterogeneous mixture |
Has one or more visible boundaries between the components |
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Homogeneous mixture |
Has no visible boundaries because the components are individual atoms, ions, or molecules |
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Aqueous solutions |
Solutions dissolved in water |
